Essay on Nfl History - 836 Words

NFL The NFL was founded on September 17, 1920 and was known as the American Professional Football Association (APFA). It was renamed in 1922 as the National Football League or NFL. In 1920 there were eleven football franchises to form the first professional football league compared to the 32 teams that form the league now. The original teams are: Canton Bulldogs, Cleveland Tigers, Dayton Triangles, Akron Professionals, Rochester (N.Y.) Jeffersons, Rock Island Independents, Muncie Flyers, Decatur Staleys, Chicago Cardinals, and Hammond Pros. Jim Thorpe was elected as the leagues first president. In 1970 NFLs rival league AFL merged their schedules and formed two conferences in which the AFL became AFC and NFL became NFC. Revenue†¦show more content†¦A salary cap is designed to keep player salaries from increasing at the rate they were at the time. The salary cap is basically a set amount of money that each of the NFLs 32 teams is allowed to spend on player salaries for any given year. Since salaries have continued to grow at a rate outpacing the salary cap, teams have found ways to get around the cap. One way is signing bonuses, which dont count toward a teams cap for a given year. A player who receives a signing bonus gets more money for that year than his recorded salary, this way it leaves more room in the cap for the other players. The advantage for the player is that all signing bonus money is guaranteed to be paid, whereas an NFL contract is not guaranteed. All players receive a minimum base salary. The base salary is the value according to his contract. The cap value represents the players calculated signing bonus, plus salary and other bonuses for the season. The 8-year media deals that the NFL did with ABC, CBS, FOX, ESPN, and Direct TV in January 1998 are worth $17.6 billion. It has fewer games than any other professional sport, but takes in the most money by far. To ABC, broadcasting Monday Night Football for eight seasons was worth $4.4 billion ($550 million per year). CBS agreed to pay $4 billion ($500 million per season) for exclusive rights to AFC games. FOX also agreed $4.4 billion for the right of NFC games. ESPN agreed to pay $4.8 billion ($600 million per year) for Sunday nightShow MoreRelatedThe History Of The Nfl3666 Words   |  15 Pages The History of the NFL The great phenomenon known as the NFL actually started over a soccer game. In 1869, Rutgers and Princeton played a college soccer football game, which was the first of its kind, it took place November 6. The game itself used modified London Football Association rules, which were rules for soccer (USA soccer, everyone else Football.) And after that game was played, over the next 7 years, rugby began to capture the eye of many, and modern football began to start its developmentRead MoreHistory of Nfl1253 Words   |  6 Pagesare good enough and have the ability to play the game with passion. Some professional football players believe that they are too good to not be paid the incredible amount that they already are given, and America’s economy is very much impacted by the NFL. The National Football League has given countless citizens jobs, including those that play professional football. It also provides amazing leaps socially in society along with the entertainment factor. Even though America’s society thoroughly enjoysRead MoreA Description of the History of the NFL Essay1711 Words   |  7 PagesThe History of the NFL The NFL has become the most popular sport in the United States. It is watched my millions every weekend. The NFL is only growing in popularity. With new fans joining the fun every day. 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You may think I’m beingRead MoreHistory of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers as an NFL Team1852 Words   |  7 Pages History of The Tampa Bay Buccaneers As an NFL Team When you hear the phrase ‘Tampa bay Buccaneers’, what’s the first thing that comes to mind? For me it’s the sound of cannons firing, celebrating the score of a touchdown in Raymond James Stadium located in Tampa Florida. This is where my love for an NFL team blossomed into a die-hard fan. The Tampa Bay Buccaneers first joined the National Football League in 1976 in the NFC Central division, later changing to the NFC South division. The NFLRead MoreMergers Within Media Companies And Organizations1589 Words   |  7 Pagesits TV business broadly and improve its arranging power versus telecast and link organizes that are requesting higher expenses for their projects. DirecTV, whose satellite-based TV administration is accessible broadly and has the selective rights to NFL Sunday Ticket, likewise empowers ATT to offer more packaged bundles for their item choices. For instance, ATT could offer provincial business sector clients a bundle of remote cell phone membership, satellite TV, and Internet access conveyed throughRead MoreThe Giants Best And Worst Wild Card779 Words   |  4 Pagesonly quarterback in NFL history whom people have talked about being on the decline with a better than 5:1 touchdown-to-interception ratio. Rodgers has thrown 36 touchdown passes and 7 i nterceptions with one game remaining in the regular season. He has 14 touchdowns and no interceptions in his last six games. That’s downright petrifying. The Packers would also be riding a six-game winning streak if they faced the Giants. Green Bay can get after the quarterback (tied for fifth in NFL with 38 sacks), andRead More ESPN: Portrayal of Sports on Television Essay836 Words   |  4 PagesESPN: Portrayal of Sports on Television Sports have played a big in role throughout the history of television. Without the television, sport fans would not be able to tune into NFL games on Sunday and Monday nights. They wouldn’t be able to sit at home and watch every basketball game played during March Madness. The television has given everybody around the world a chance to watch some of the biggest and best sporting events that have ever taken place. However, for a long amount of time thereRead MoreComparing The Two Sport Societies1458 Words   |  6 Pagesor 6,000 miles from the community that you have adopted as your sporting home.† (Williams, The New York Times). As you can see from author Williams, more and more Americans are adopting England’s societal sports norms. Things happening between the NFL and England’s sports society have really taken off to another level, and make Williams story look like baby steps. This gradual progress aside, at the end of the day American football will never be as popular (accepted) in England as soccer, just likeRead MoreMy Dream Job Will Make A Lot Of Money1312 Words   |  6 PagesMy dream job will make a lot of money. My dream job is to be a pro football player for the NFL. My position or positions will be guard and/or tackle. The information on my two positions are, â€Å"LG and RG = left guard and right guard: The inner two members of the offensive line, whose jobs are to block for and protect the quarterback and ball carriers.† and â€Å"LT and RT = left tackle and right tackle: The outer two members of the offensive line.†, on, Football Players Roles in Team Offense and Defense

What Are The Material Facts Of The Case - 1826 Words

1. What are the material facts of the case? The defendant Juan Antonia Godin-Mendoza, had from 1972 lived in a stable and permanent homosexual relationship with the protected tenant of a flat, until his death on 5th January 2001. The claimant, Ahmad Raja Ghaidan, on the protected tenant’s death (Mr Hugh Wallwyn-James), brought possession proceedings by means of paragraph 2 schedule 1 the Rent Act 1977 . Two impediments went against Mr Godin-Mendoza, firstly, paragraph 2(2) is gender specific. Secondly, the ruling of the Fitzpatrick v Sterling Housing Association in the House of Lords rejected the argument that a same-sex partner could bring himself or herself within the scope of paragraph 2(2) . The county court judge deemed that Godin-Mendoza did not succeed to the tenancy of the flat as the surviving spouse of the original tenant, but was granted a lesser assured tenancy by virtue of section 3(1) of the Rent Act as a member of the original tenant’s family . 2. Describe briefly the history of the litigation of this case (which courts heard the case, which way did they rule, what court is now deciding the case, which judges are hearing the case in this court)? In the West London County Court proceeding were brought by Ghaidan. Judge Cowell granted a declaration that Godin-Mendoza did not succeed to the tenancy of the flat as the surviving spouse, but became entitled to an assured tenancy of the flat by succession as a member of the original tenant’s family.Show MoreRelatedWhat Were The Material Facts Of The Case?1328 Words   |  6 PagesQ1. What were the material facts of the case? Material facts are facts which could be significant to a reasonable man in taking a decision whether to engage or not to engage in a specific transaction; a significant fact as differed from some insignificant or trivial detail . 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It became easy for anyone to access millions of different kinds of materials ninety nine pe rcent of which is decent according to our governments standards and one or less percent which is considered to be material the is indecent or harmful to minors.(ABC) These facts maybe deceiving however because there are millions of internet sites so the internetRead MoreEvolution of Medical Practice Essay939 Words   |  4 PagesGreat Cases IN BIOETHICS Fall, 2005 Professor Paul A. Lombardo Center for Biomedical Ethics Office: University Hospital, Davis 5337 Phone: 982-4227 pal8g@virginia.edu Texts 1) Great Cases in Bioethics, compiled edited by Paul A. Lombardo (2005) [available at the law school copy center] 2) Limits: The Role of Law in Bioethical Decisionmaking, by Roger B. Dworkin (Indiana, 1996) Strangers at the Bedside: A History of How Law and Bioethics Transformed the PracticeRead MoreJudicial Precedent And The Decision Of Case Law1530 Words   |  7 PagesCase law comes from the decisions by judges, but juries are not making the decision of case law. Otherwise, case law is collection of written decisions, which is covered and used in precedent for legal cases. Also, case was noted legal reason and argument . Law of case described in judicial precedent. Judicial precedent is source of law, which is based on the latin maxis. The latin maxim is â€Å"stare decisis et non quieta movere†, it means that stand by what has been decided and do not unsettle theRead MoreThe Usa Patriot Act By John Walker841 Words   |  4 PagesNonetheless, the alarm of the terrorists ought not to make Americans surrender their lifestyle. Americans ought not to be compelled to yield what our nat ion is glad for, including majority rules system and opportunity of representation. On account of the University of California San Diego (UCSD) organization banning the connection to the terrorist site, the USA Patriot Act was translated mistakenly. Their choice to boycott the hyperlink was an infringement of the right to speak freely. A connectionRead MoreWhat Do We Know About Knowledge?1611 Words   |  7 PagesWhat do we all know about knowledge? Does it defines how smart an individual is or will it tell us what an individual are skillful in? Knowledges are the facts, information, and skills an individual obtain through experiences and/or education over time. Then, how do we determine it; what tools or standards are being used to know if someone is knowledgeable or not? When we are in school, teachers will use letters and numbers to grade us, but what does that mean? If you get a low grade on a test orRead MoreTaking a Look at Defamation1366 Words   |  5 Pages PART A. IDENIFYING DEAMATION In order to avoid defamation you need to understand it. The aim of this document is to explain what is defamation and what constitute as a defamatory material. It also outlines how defamatory material should be dealt with. Defamation is a set of laws that protect people from getting their reputation injured. It is there to balance the right of citizens to protect their reputations with the democratic right to the community to freedom of expression (Media law BookRead MoreThe Case Between Ccp Management, Inc.983 Words   |  4 PagesIn looking at the case between CCP Management, Inc. and Andrew Hoganmuller the logical place to start is looking at a few terms, then considering the material facts and issues, next exploring what case law has found in the past, and finally determining the outcome of the dispute. Here are some terms we must consider in this case: †¢ A contract involves a promise in return for reasonable consideration. Adequate consideration is a benefit or detriment, which a party receives which reasonably and fairly

House on Mango Street Review free essay sample

The book being reviewed is titled, The House on Mango Street and was written by Sandra Cisneros and first published in 1984. The book follows a young Latina girl growing up in Chicago as she travels on the roller coaster of life trying to find her way. The story is told in a series of vignettes. The price of the book is $11. 00 and ISBN: 978-0-679-73477-2. Sandra Cisneros is well known for her poetry and short story collections; her ability to connect several short stories/vignettes is flawless. The purpose of this book was to tell a coming-of-age story. Covering a year of the life of a Mexican-American girl, Esperanza, who faces many challenges as she finds her own way through this crucial year of development both physically and mentally/emotionally. My own perception of the purpose of this book was to expose some of the cultural traditions and circumstances of a Mexican family living in America. We will write a custom essay sample on House on Mango Street Review or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Also, on the page before the Table of Contents, there is one page with the words â€Å"A las Muejeres†¦. To the Women†; clearly Cisneros intended to make an impact of the lives of females. In any well written novel there are several themes. The main theme that jumped out at me was the idea behind language and how it can define you. For example, Esperanza talks about how her father couldn’t make any choices about what he would eat when he first came to America because he wasn’t able to communicate in English; consequently he ate â€Å"hamandeggs† for three months because he didn’t know any other words in English. Also, when Esperanza’s mom writes a letter to the school and it doesn’t get much positive attention because it’s so written in broken English. Finally, when the lady arrives to live with the man across the street, Esperanza calls her â€Å"mamacita†. Mamacita never comes out of the house and Esperanza thinks it’s because she doesn’t speak English; she sits and listens to Spanish radio all day and encourages her son to â€Å"No speak English†. The thesis is that in order to have power in this country, Esperanza will need to not only speak English, but master the language. Cisneros describes Mamacita as having a need to stay in the house all the time because she can’t speak English; even further, because she stays in the house all day she is sad and often fights with the man she lives with. Cisneros also exposes Esperanza’s father’s choice to never eat ham and eggs again because he was forced to eat it breakfast, lunch and dinner when he first came to this country. Both of these situations explain the negative effects of not speaking English and how it leaves you powerless in American society. The House on Mango Street is a quick read that leaves a huge impact. Esperanza’s struggles as a member of a Mexican family in America are not isolated to relating only to Mexican-American families or other immigrant groups; every reader can find a way to relate to Esperanza’s story in this novel. In particular, the lesson of befriending Sally stood out. Esperanza befriends Sally because she is starting to be curious about boys. She finds that Sally is very popular among the boys and wants to hang out with her to earn their attention as well. Eventually being involved with Sally leads Esperanza into an unfortunate and traumatizing experience. I think that our teens and young adults in society will really resonate with this part of the novel and possibly learn something from this story. Also, pay special attention to the women Cisneros describes as sitting by windows. Each of these women represents a negative and almost helpless figure in society for a variety of reasons. Cisneros has received many awards for her work and has been internationally recognized. Cisneros is the founder of the Macondo Foundation, an association of writers united to serve underserved communities. To learn more about Sandra Cisneros, you can visit her website at www. sandracisneros. com. In the final chapter Cisneros writes â€Å"One day I will pack my bags of books and paper. One day I will say goodbye to Mango. I am too strong to keep me here forever†¦Friends and neighbors will say, ‘What happened to that Esperanza? ’† This is a very profound statement; it shows that Esperanza differentiates herself from this current life she’s experiencing. That with her life experience and language proficiency she will escape from Mango Street, leaving behind those who are not strong enough to get out.

Violence In Modern Colombia Takes Place In Many Forms. The Three Major

Violence in modern Colombia takes place in many forms. The three major categories are crime, guerrilla activities, and attacks committed by drug traffickers. Violence has become so widespread and common in Colombia that many people have now become numb to it. The Colombian economy has also benefited from the illicit drug trade; however violent it may be. During the 1970s, Colombia became well known, as one of the world's most important drug processing, production, and distribution centers for marijuana and cocaine. The shrubs and plants from which both drugs are derived from and processed has been well known in Colombia for centuries, but until the 1970s drug refiners and traffickers had not taken full advantage. The chewing of coca leaves was very well known in the South American Inca Empire in the 11th century. The Incas, the Colombian Chibchas and other local ethnic groups have always attributed mythical and religious power to the bush and to the alkaloids that were extracted by its leaves by chewing on them. The existence of a drug, cocaine, which could be chemically extracted from large volumes of leaves was not discovered until 1884 by an Austrian ophthalmologist. Marijuana is a drug extracted from hemp, a plant from which coarse fibers are also obtained for the manufacture of cloth, cordage, and sacking. The development of marijuana in Colombia took place in the mid 1940s during the administration of President Mariano Ospina Perez. The government at this time imported various fibers producing species from different parts of the world in an attempt to improve the postwar textile industry. The imported fiber plant included cannabis sativa (hemp) from Asia, and jute and sisal from Mexico. The Ministry of Agriculture was distributing these plants throughout the countryside of Colombia, and peasants and farmers were encouraged to plant them. During this same period, the consumption of marijuana was beginning to become a problem among the Bohemians in Medellin. As a result of this increasing drug problem, especially among the Bohemian members of the middle and upper class, on March 11, 1946, the Ospina administration passed the nation's first anti- drug law, Decree No. 896. This law prohibited the cultivation, distribution, and sale of coca and marijuana, and ruled that all local and regional governments had to destroy all coca and marijuana plantations (Osterling). Colombia has not always been a violent country. It should be noted that in the past, Colombia experienced periods of peace and tranquillity. During this time, the levels of violence were lower than many European and American Countries. Colombia has gained international fame as one of the major centers in the world for drug trafficking. Anytime a country has a problem with drug trafficking, crime is always high. In 1973, homicide was the seventh highest cause from death, but since has become the first since 1990. More than 165,000 have had a violent death between 1980 and 1990. During this decade, the homicide rate was 77.5% per 100,000 people. In comparison, the United States has been regarded as a violent country, but yet the homicide rate was only 8.0%. Contributing to this violence in Colombia is the possession of firearms. Colombians possess more than three million firearms, and more than half is possessed illegally. This adds greatly to the crime and violence in Colombia (Posada -Carbo). It is extremely difficult to measure the magnitude, type, and location of violence in Colombia. Another problem in measuring the amount of violence is that not all violent cases are reported. It must also be noted that any media report of violence must also be read with caution; for it may or may not have occurred. Violence seems to be a nationwide phenomenon. Almost all aspects of the Colombian population experience some degree of violence. Almost everybody is a potential victim; violence does not prefer a particular socioeconomic class, profession, race, or ethnic group. However, some geographical locations have been more prone to violence. The entire Cauca River Valley, including the cities of Cali and Medellin, and the areas between southern Cundinamarca, southeast Tolima, and northeast Haila, seem to have been the most violent (Chepesiak). According to some Colombian observers, intimidation and revenge has caused many to look the other way when violence occurs. It has also cause many

Meteorites from Other Planets

Meteorites from Other Planets The more we learn about our planet, the more we want samples from other planets. Weve sent men and machines to the Moon and elsewhere, where instruments have examined their surfaces close up. Given the expense of spaceflight, its easier to find Mars and Moon rocks lying on the ground on Earth. We didnt know about these extraplanetary rocks until recently; all we knew was that there were a few particularly strange meteorites. Asteroid Meteorites Almost all meteorites come from the asteroid belt, between Mars and Jupiter, where thousands of small solid objects orbit the sun. Asteroids are ancient bodies, as old as Earth itself. They have been little altered from the time they formed, except that they have been shattered against other asteroids. The pieces range in size from dust specks to the asteroid Ceres, some 950 kilometers across. Meteorites have been classified into various families, and current theory is that many of these families came from a larger parent body. The eucrite family is one example, now traced to the asteroid Vesta, and research into the dwarf planets is a lively field. It helps that a few of the largest asteroids appear to be undamaged parent bodies. Almost all meteorites fit this model of asteroid parent bodies. Planetary Meteorites A handful of meteorites are very different from the rest: they show chemical and petrological signs of having been part of a full-sized, evolving planet. Their isotopes are unbalanced, among other anomalies. Some are similar to basaltic rocks known on Earth. After we went to the Moon and sent sophisticated instruments to Mars, it became clear where these rare stones come from. These are meteorites created by other meteorites- by asteroids themselves. Asteroid impacts onto Mars and the Moon blasted these rocks into space, where they drifted for many years before falling on Earth. Out of many thousands of meteorites, only a hundred or so are known to be Moon or Mars rocks. You can own a piece for thousands of dollars a gram, or find one yourself. Hunting Extraplanetaries You can look for meteorites in two ways: wait until you see one fall or search for them on the ground. Historically, witnessed falls were the primary means of discovering meteorites, but in recent years people have started looking for them more systematically. Both scientists and amateurs are in the hunt- its a lot like fossil hunting that way. One difference is that many meteorite hunters are willing to give or sell pieces of their finds to science, whereas a fossil cant be sold in pieces so its harder to share. There are two kinds of places on Earth where meteorites are more likely to be found. One is on parts of the Antarctic ice cap where the ice flows together and evaporates in the sun and wind, leaving behind meteorites as a lag deposit. Here scientists have the place to themselves, and the Antarctic Search for Meteorites program (ANSMET) harvests the blue-ice plains every year. Stones from the Moon and Mars have been found there. The other prime meteorite hunting grounds are deserts. The dry conditions tend to preserve stones, and the lack of rain means they are less likely to wash away. In windswept areas, just as in Antarctica, fine material does not bury the meteorites either. Significant finds have come from Australia, Arabia, California, and the Saharan countries. Martian rocks were found in Oman by amateurs in 1999, and the next year a scientific expedition by the University of Bern in Switzerland recovered some 100 meteorites including a Martian shergottite. The government of Oman, which supported the project, got a piece of the stone for the Natural History Museum in Muscat. The university made a point of boasting that this meteorite was the first Mars rock that is fully available to science. Generally, the Saharan meteorite theater is chaotic, with finds going into the private market in direct competition with scientists. Scientists dont need much material, though. Rocks from Elsewhere We have also sent probes to the surface of Venus. Might there be Venus rocks on Earth as well? If there were, we could probably recognize them given the knowledge we have from the Venus landers. But its extremely unlikely: not only is Venus deeper in the Suns gravity well, but its thick atmosphere would muffle all but the very largest impacts. Still, there just might be Venus rocks to be found. And Mercury rocks are not beyond all possibility either- in fact, we might have some in the exceedingly rare angrite meteorites. We need to send a lander to Mercury for ground-truth observations first. The Messenger mission, which is now orbiting Mercury, is already telling us a lot. PS: Just to take things a little farther, consider this: impacts on Earth have undoubtedly knocked Earth rocks into space too. Most probably fell back, melted, as tektites, but some must be sitting on the Moon right now, while others could have landed on Venus and Mars. In fact, in 2005 we found a big iron meteorite on Mars surface- why not Earth stones too? If life really did exist on Mars, as some evidence suggests, it could have traveled there from Earth. Or was it the other way around? Or, indeed, did both come from Venuss early oceans?

Ordinal Number Definition and Examples

Ordinal Number Definition and Examples An ordinal number is a number that indicates position or order in relation to other numbers: first, second, third, and so on. Contrast these types of numbers with cardinal numbers  (in math theyre also called natural numbers and integers), those numbers that represent countable quantity.   Ordinal numbers  do not represent quantity, notes Mark Andrew Lim, but rather indicate rank and position, such as the fifth car, the twenty†fourth bar, the second highest marks, and so on(The Handbook of Technical Analysis, 2012). Learning Ordinals If you are teaching ordinals to English language learners, introduce the concept by reviewing cardinal numbers. Then continue with the ordinals to contrast the concepts. Also, introduce the term last as a position vocabulary word. Examples of Ordinals All ordinal numbers carry a suffix: -nd, -rd, -st, or -th.  Ordinal numbers can be written as words (second, third) or as numerals followed by abbreviations  (2nd, 3rd). first (1st)second (2nd)third (3rd)fourth (4th)fifth (5th)sixth (6th)seventh (7th)eighth (8th)ninth (9th)tenth (10th)eleventh (11th)twelfth (12th)twentieth (20th)twenty-first (21st)twenty-second (22nd)twenty-third (23rd)twenty-fourth (24th)thirtieth (30th)one hundredth (100th)one thousandth (1,000th)one millionth (1,000,000th)one billionth (1,000,000,000th) Using Ordinal Numbers and Cardinal Numbers Together When a cardinal number and an ordinal number modify the same noun, the ordinal number always precedes the cardinal number: The first two operations were the most difficult to watch. The second three innings were quite dull. In the first example, the ordinal number first precedes the cardinal number two. Both first and two are determiners. In the second example, the ordinal number second precedes the cardinal number three. Both second and three are determiners. Try reading the sentences with the ordinal and cardinal numbers reversed. They simply sound wrong.(Michael Strumpf and Auriel Douglas, The Grammar Bible. Owl Books, 2004) More Tips on Using Ordinal Numbers Spell out ordinal numbers- first, second, third, fourth- except when quoting from another source. In the interests of saving space, they may also be expressed in numerals in notes and references. ... Use words for  ordinal numbers in names, and for numerical street names ... : the Third Reich the Fourth Estate a fifth columnist Sixth Avenue a Seventh-Day Adventist ... Use figures for ages expressed in cardinal numbers, and words for ages expressed as ordinal numbers or decades: a girl of 15 a 33-year-old man between her teens and twenties in his 33rd year (R. M. Ritter, New Harts Rules: The Handbook of Style for Writers and Editors. Oxford University Press, 2005) Do not use the ordinal (th, st, rd, nd) form of numbers when writing the complete date: January 15 is the date for the examination. However, you may use the ordinal suffixes if you use only the day: The 15th is the date for the examination. ... Write out ordinal numbers when they contain just one word: third prize, tenth in line, sixtieth anniversary, fifteenth birthday. Use numerals for the others: the 52nd state, the 21st Amendment.(Val Dumond, Grammar for Grownups. HarperCollins, 1993)

Employment information report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Employment information report - Essay Example After much investigation, I have found that Akzonobel is a Dutch based multinational organization which is known for producing premium quality specialty chemicals, performance coatings and decorative paints. The company has its headquarter in Amsterdam and is divided into eleven business units. Akzonobel employees over more than forty thousand people in over eighty countries. The company is known to be making increasing profits each year and as of year 2014, the sales recorded were around fourteen billion. Akzonobel has a history of mergers and acquisitions. The recent merger took place with ICI paints in the year 2008. Akzonobel is a company where the growth of organization is as important as the growth of its employees. Here, people come from diverse backgrounds where they are allowed to perform freely based on their skills, experiences and talents. With extensive training, mentoring and coaching, the skills of employees are enhanced and the career development is given much signifi cance. Along with a handsome compensation package, the employees are offered a challenging yet comfortable environment where they could build up on their knowledge for present as well as future performance. As mentioned, I would like to apply for the position of HR manager in Akzonobel. After looking at the job responsibility listed on the web as well as interviewing one of the HR managers, I have made a summary of the job requirements and duties. Akzonobel has listed down the features which must be present in a candidates’ profile in order that his application be considered. He must have minimum of master’s degree in human resource, certification would be considered as a plus. The company will prefer someone who has been working in the same position with a multinational organization for at least five to ten years. The candidate is expected to be a local of the country so that he could understand and practice his knowledge as per the geographical

To Build or Buy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

To Build or Buy - Assignment Example The food items which are unique and entirely different from the competitor’s coffee shop would be included. There would be no sale of alcoholic beverage as the business as a theme of healthy food .There would be more of vegetable salads and fruit salads on the menu. A brand image would be created so that there would be a great impact on the consumers. A brand image would be created by giving an apt name to the coffee shop. The name would be â€Å" natura coffee shop†. This would give a touch of nature and healthy image to the business. The name of the shop is different from the Deli and can attract customer due to curiosity. It also aligns with the food sold in the coffee shop. The price of food will be reasonable as people stay away from organic food because they are expensive. The portion would be bit more and that would be a good competitive strategy to win over â€Å"Ohio Deli†. People are always gets attracted to food that deliver much more than what they pay for. As per (Miles, 2014) â€Å"Quick-service consumers, now more than ever, want to get more for their dollar, and quite often the bigger the portion the better†. The theme of the coffee shop would also be organic as we would use any synthetic decoration in the coffee shop except from the appliances. The ambience would be entirely different from â€Å"Ohio Deli†. The coffee shop would have promotional offers which would like to entertain the customer potential. The staff of the coffee shop would be young and extra polite. They would be trained to be exceptional for customer service. We also would provide food and atmosphere which is hygiene and free of pollution. A quick service will be another strategy which would keep the interest of customer in the coffee shop. Many a times customer hesitate to come back if the service is slow as the customer are employee who come for breakfast and lunch. We would introduce loyalty cards to impress the customer s

A Black City Within the White” Essay Example for Free

A Black City Within the White† Essay Loic Wacquant’s â€Å"A Black City Within the White† provides an absorbing and honest perspective on the continuation of racial disparity and discrimination in urban America. He contends the black world within the white world exists due to the continued exclusion of blacks to the extent the black world is virtually â€Å"unknown and unnoticed† by white America. He makes the case through an examination of urban semantics, specifical-ly the use of the words â€Å"ghetto† and â€Å"slum†. He believes the original terms referred to either a concentration of a specific ethnic group (ghetto) or concentration of poverty (slum). Wacquant states the term â€Å"ghetto† began to include â€Å"slum† as reflecting housing discrimination as well as black urban poverty. He believes the term â€Å"ghetto† is now much closer to â€Å"slum† in meaning, as whites prefer thinking in terms of income disparity instead of ingrained racial prejudice. Thus â€Å"the concept of ‘ghetto’ has been stripped of its eth-noracial referent and denuded of any mention of group, power, and oppression†¦(thus it) obfuscates the history and enduring reality of racial division in the United States† (143). See more: Social process essay In essence the terminology has been changed by whites more comfortable with consider-ing a mythical â€Å"colorblind† poverty level instead of the reality of racial prejudice and in-equity. Wacquant makes the point that a â€Å"ghetto† is not simply a term but â€Å"an institution-al form† (143). It is indeed a â€Å"world if itself† caused by power and economic discrimina-tion that is either not acknowledged or misunderstood by whites. The reading provides and insight that I did not have before reading and contemplating the issues. It is im-portant to me to try to understand the background and culture of others. Without that understanding communication and relationships are very superficial. This reading has also been very helpful in understanding how often terms and meanings will often change, and â€Å"code words† come into use. This gives me the incentive to look past certain words to be certain of the real meaning the user is trying to convey. This is an unfortunate but com-mon problem we face in communication and perhaps readers of this work will come away better prepared to address an issue without the need for dishonest language.

Essay --

Sydney Armstrong Mrs. Godbey English III CP1 1CD 11 March 2014 The Power of Power Macbeth is a tragic play which begins by setting up the story of a hero of Scotland. This hero is the main character Macbeth. â€Å"Fair is foul and foul is fair† (Crowther Macbeth 1.1.12). Very early, a reoccurring theme is introduced, as well as the planted idea of power. Both of which are given to us by the witches, with unknown motives. Nonetheless, the witches plot the eventual downfall of this Scottish hero. Yet how this approach is made is due to the possibility of gaining a higher position of power. The reason for Macbeth’s corruption in Shakespeare’s Macbeth involves the power that power exerts over an individual who has gained a position of authority. One leading contribution for Macbeth’s tragedy is the inability to have his power kept in check. According the Berger, a position of authority can directly affect the individual’s sense of self, status, and their role in society. This also touches this individual’s sense of not only others, but also that of the world surrounding this person (1). A position of power directly impacts those around that person. These characters surrounding this power, who are close enough, can also maintain a power check over that person. Yet these characters holding such a position in the play are not able to keep this power in check. Under the influence of unchecked power, Macbeth takes actions that have serious and devastating consequences for other characters in the play. The first character who left Macbeth’s power unchecked was Banquo. Although, he had no intention of leaving this position without watch, he was murdered. After the murder of Banquo, Macbeth takes action against the innocent family of Macduff. ... ... receiving the prophecy is Macbeth approached about his new position. This occurrence had given Macbeth a sense of false hope. He automatically assumed everything from that point on was going to work out for him. The power that this prophecy would’ve ensured was misinterpreted from the start. This happens solely due to the fact that nothing simply works out for Macbeth. It is all worked out by him instead. From murder, to black magic, Macbeth needed to work to successfully win over his own ideologies for the throne. Only from a single thought, does this entire tragedy evolve. A thought that ultimately results in revealing the true identity of Macbeth. That thought that was originally power (Jarold 298). The reason for Macbeth’s corruption in Shakespeare’s Macbeth involves the power that power exerts over an individual who has gained a position of authority.

Is Sharing Caring or Not Essay

Want to wear Gucci for a day? or maybe own a Ferrari for a week? Wondering how? Just like how you rent DVDs with a slight modern touch to it, mobile technology(you should have seen this coming) Can’t believe it? The future beholds us the sharing economy. What is the sharing economy? BBC defines it as â€Å"Everything from cars, central city parking spaces and designer clothes to accommodation are available from individuals and companies that are making billions from providing easy access to what people need in a difficult economy. However let me make one aspect very clear, this isn’t just all related to saving money (I know it is surprising in a money minded world like ours. ) Apart from helping people live in unstable economic conditions, some of those already using such an economic structure are utilizing it to conserve resources and save the planet. It will help you feel like a â€Å"better† person by saving the community taking simple small steps. You don’t want to own all those fancy electronic equipment in your households and not use it. Simply, hire one when you need it! In this technological age where you don’t know what to expect tomorrow (maybe your mobile generating a visual image in the air, it is very likely that â€Å"tomorrow† might apply in the literal sense here) you can use the sharing economy with transactions that can be made quickly through a cell phone app or a web site. This is very convenient and accessible at the same time. Wait a minute†¦ This looks too good to be true. Wondering what the drawback is? 2012 looked galaxies away for retail outlets in the world. However now, it looks like the doomsday for massive retail outlets is closing by. In simple words, the end of consumerism. If consumers can hire almost anything they want what will happen to retailers, what can they sell? It is obvious that this won’t be seen as a rapid change, but the effects can definitely be seen in the long term. Here is a fun fact,†Researchers say that we only use our cars eight per cent of the time and we spend billions on the space where we store stuff that we almost never use, such as power tools. They also say the sharing economy is expected to be worth $110 billion within the next few years. â€Å"No Pain. No Gain. † Consumers can get items for cheaper exactly when they require it conveniently, but lose jobs at the same time. It is time for every company to gear up, hire IT wizards, and make their e-commerce absolutely world class. The day you want to ride that Bentley or rent the finest villa for a day to spend with your family isn’t far.

Dear John Mower Company Essay

1) Identify and discuss the major issue(s) in the case Supply chain management is the coordination of all supply chain activities involved in enhancing customer value and achieve sustainable competitive advantage. It represents a conscious effort by the supply chain firms to develop and run supply chains in the most effective & efficient ways possible. Supply chain activities cover everything from product development, sourcing, production, and logistics, as well as the information systems needed to coordinate these activities. In that case, the issues that John Mower Company faces with their supply management part is regarding to get internal customers, whether in design engineering, plant engineering, administration and other in order to recognize and accept the advantages of early supply chain management and supplier involvement in the development of materials, equipment and services to be provided by outside suppliers. The keys are (1) the presence of professionals in supply management who will add value through their and their suppli ers’ early involvement and (2) the use of marketing skills by these professionals to convince their customers and perhaps management of the necessity of early involvement. John Mower Company  also faces a declining in market share of 10 percent. The consequences of this attributes to John’s ability to survive as a profit declined. 2) Prepare a list of advantages of the inclusion of supply management and prequalified suppliers. Every organization is a part of one or more supply chain. Either a company provides a service, sells directly to the end customer, manufactures a product or even extracts material from earth, it is characterized within its supply chain. Earlier, organizations placed little emphasis on organizations within their supply chain network. However, supply chain management had become a forefront of management’s attention due to three major developments (Balsmeier 1996). First is the information revolution. Second is Customer demands in areas of service and product cost, delivery, quality, technology and concept of cycle time brought about by increased global competition and third is emergence of newer forms of inter-organizational relationships. These developments have nurtured the emergence and integration of supply chain approach. To remain competitive, small firms have to offer superior quality goods at the lowest prices possible. The need to minimize product costs makes effective supply chain management vital. There are costs involved in every process of the product life cycle, and it is the responsibility of management to ensure that these costs are kept low, so the company can continue to pass along these savings to the consumer. The advantage of including supply chain management and prequalified suppliers is include : 1) Reduces costs 2) Increase efficiency 3) Increased Profits 4) Reduces time to market 5) Improved quality 6) Much lower stocks and inventory 3) Prepare a list of disadvantages of excluding supply management and suppliers from the new product development process. The supply chains represents the complex relationships of an organization with its trading  partners through whom it sources materials, manufactures products and delivers products or services to the customers. The supply chain links all the activities in the procurement, transformation and storage of raw materials and intermediate products, and sale of finished goods. Supply management personnel should be able to pass on information regarding new technologies and product that are available to the product design group. Supply management can aid source selection by discussing potential suppliers quality program, production capacity, lead time, delivery reliability, financial capability and management stability and strength. If the supply management and suppliers is excluding from the new product development process, hence there is some problem that may occur in th e company such as: 1) Quality problem resulting in redesign, rework, retrofit and field failures 2) Cost overruns 3) Foregone cost saving 4) New product which are late to market 5) Failure in recognize problems in timely manner 6) Major scheduling problems 4) Assuming that the three executives agree on early involvement of supply management and suppliers, develop a plan to implement this new way of doing business. Integrating the supply chain to improve logistics efficiency is a key challenge. Rather than going from no involvement to high involvement on all projects all at once, many suppliers’ professionals would begin with a sample or showcase project. A member of the supply management staff who can add value, know his or her suppliers, and one who has exemplary people and team skills should be invited by Mr Steel and the new project manager or engineer to participate in a key project. This individual in turn should invite a carefully pre-qualified supplier to participate in the project at the appropriate time. Hence, for the supply chains to be successful, it should integrate the three individual business processes of procurement, manufacturing, and distribution by consolidating the sub components in each of every area. Procurement: This is one of the major cost drivers in the supply chan. Procurement cost is influenced by the way procurement decision is made, procedures adopted in the procurement process and relationship with suppliers. Procurement cost can be controlled through long-term relationships with suppliers by considering the supplier as an extension of the manufacturing facility. The philosophy of co-partnership is based on the sharing of resources and benefits on a long term basis. The major step in this process is reduction in supplier’s base and induction of a few reliable suppliers into the supply chain, who are ready to work for the firm and can align themselves with the policy framework and requirements of the supply chain. Manufacturing: For a lean supply chain the emphasis today is not on curtailing the processing cost through economies of scale, but by curtailing the huge inventory carrying cost resulting from mass production ahead of demand. In the past, the emphasis was on building mega capacity factories to produce standard products in millions in order to reduce manufacturing costs and flood the market with low priced products. This approach resulted in the build up of a large reservoir of finished goods, which remain unsold and dead due to its inability to respond to the changing needs of the customers. Hence, today firms instead of banking on cost reduction through economies of scale are thinking of strategies of reducing the total supply chain cost through manufacturing flexibility to rapidly respond to changing markets demands of products volumes and varieties. Distribution: Traditionally, the role of distribution in the business process is warehousing transportation. However, in the supply chain model, the major task of distribution is the management of demand. It is important to make available the right product, at the right place, at the right time, and at the least cost. Demand management covers all the activities involving anticipating the customer requirements of products and fulfill that requirements against defined customer service norms. Requirement fulfillment is done through proper distribution network. The first task in demand management is to forecast customer requirement accurately. This is done only  if the firm is able to satisfy the customer as per the service level acceptable to the customer. Logistics play a vital role in understanding the demand through improved informational flow by way of quick response to customer’s demands. 5) What other suggestion can you make for improving the situation in the company? Management of The John Mower Company must be strongly committed to early supply management and early supply management involvement in all aspects of new product development. Suppliers can provide technical support technical support in the early stages of design that can decrease materials costs and improved product quality. Furthermore, early supply management and early supply involvement can reduce starts up problems and delay. When supply management join engineering in meetings with potential suppliers, it can address a price and discount issues, quantity and quality requirement, lead time and delivery schedules and financial capabilities. The supplier’s responses to this issue will allow supply management to further qualify the supplier. Besides that, management must stress standardization and limit engineering’s role in supply management issue. The engineers should concentrate on designing a reliable and timely product; as they must work with supply management to meet that end. The engineers will be motivated to spend more time in designing and evaluation a new part. Training supply management personnel is a key to further success. The division must recognize that is needed to invest in a training program for its supply management personnel in order to receive a full benefit from its supply management system. This training such as individuals training at seminars, trade shows, or classes conducted by engineers on how to read blueprints and specification sheets. The division’s management must emphasize the important of this issue to the entire organization. With such commitment, the division will be able to develop new products in the shortest amount of time for the lowest amount of time for the lowest cost and still maintain the quality and reliability that give the company the leadership position that it once enjoye d.

What can we do for Glen Canyon essays

What can we do for Glen Canyon essays Former President Nixon stated during the Vietnam War, Dont ask what your country can do for you. Ask what you can do for your country? Much controversy has been spurred over recent years over a decision made in 1963, specifically the construction of Glen Canyon Dam. Many agree that Glen Canyon Reservoir (a.k.a. Lake Powell) is an amazing place to visit. Families often flock religiously to Lake Powell each summer to uplift their spirits. However others, particularly speaking of environmentalists, agree that disturbing the once free flow of the Colorado River by constructing a dam was a grave error to begin with. The creative environmentalist writer Edward Abbey propelled a strong debate supporting the draining of Lake Powell with his essay The Damnation of a Canyon. Following the lines of President Nixon, we should ...ask what you can do for Glen Canyon. To better understand the reasons for building Glen Canyon Dam, one must be aware of the original intent for its creation. During the mid 20th century dams were invented as a new, cleaner, and efficient way of producing hydroelectricity. With the construction of one of the modern great wonders of the world, Lake Meads Hoover Dam, other river locations around the nation were being examined for more potential dams. Glen Canyon was decided to be a desirable location for a successful dam to be built following after the Hoover Dam. In 1963, Glen Canyon Dam was completed. However today, Lake friendly people present several points for their decision: 1. First and foremost, Glen Canyon Dam generates clean power. Use of hydroelectricity plays a crucial role in the effort to reduce Green House Gas Emissions. Pollutants emitted from burning of fossil fuels contribute to the increases in global warming. ...

Grab recruiters attention with your resume

Grab recruiters attention with your resume When you’re writing your resume, these days there are a number of different audiences to consider. There’s the hiring manager. There’s the robot resume scanner. And there’s another person altogether: the recruiter. The recruiter is a bit different because they’re focused on the bottom line from the start. Where a hiring manager wants to know how you’ll fit in as part of a team, the recruiter often just wants to make sure you meet the most important job description criteria, before passing you up to the next level or down to the reject pile. So how do you get (and keep) the attention of a recruiter? Let’s look at what they look at first on resumes, to figure out how to apply that to your own.The average recruiter spends six to ten seconds looking at a resume initially before deciding whether or not to move on to the next one. So you want to catch attention fast with strong keywords, placed strategically. If they don’t see what th ey’re looking for in their initial quick glance, you likely won’t stand a chance. According to James Hu, founder and CEO of Jobscan.co, the keyword technique that works for those automated Applicant Tracking Systems (ATS) is also effective for human readers as well.As part of that initial scan, recruiters are not looking for long-winded bullets about your third-most important responsibilities and achievements at X Corp. They’re looking for elements that stand out: headlines, bolded phrases, years. That means that your resume formatting just became even more important.Your experience bullets are crucial for the deeper read, but when you’re hoping to grab attention right away, make sure you’re putting emphasis on the most important parts: company names, job titles, and the dates you were there. The recruiter is trying to put together an image of you as an applicant based on that quick skim, so the more you highlight the short, punchy, relevant detail s about your experience, the easier you make it for them to see how impressive your work history is.This also means that a killer headline is a great way to maximize your resume for a quick recruiter read. The one-liner that sets your professional narrative should be one of the first thing the recruiter sees, and it should be both succinct and clear. Specificity is your friend here.Good headline: â€Å"Innovative Problem Solver with More Than 5 Years’ Experience As a Window Washer†Bad headline: â€Å"Detail-Oriented Go Getter†The first headline tells the recruiter two crucial points about your resume: you solve problems, and you have a lot of work experience. The second headline is vague, and has no real substance. The recruiter’s eyes will glaze right over it.Remember: you’ll have time later to wow a reader with your work experience bullet points, or a list of skills that make you perfect for the job. First, though, you need to lean in to human na ture, and understand that short, powerful visual cues are the way to get a recruiter’s attention up front.

GERMANY EXERCISE Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

GERMANY EXERCISE - Term Paper Example subsequent victory at Sedan on 2 September last year is a true case study that our survival depends on our ability to unite as German speaking people and proclaim German unity. The history of the national movement in the German speaking lands dates back to the periods of Napoleonic wars when romantic nationalism and pan Germanism began to rise. For example, the advocacy of building a German nation as a political force was particularly started as a response to the constant invasion of German territories by the French under Napoleon. However, many of the past attempts to create a federation among German states based on common nationhood have always faced numerous difficulties some of which include hostilities and tension between Prussia and the other German speaking lands as well as the Catholic-Protestant divide just to name a few. The original philosophy of the German nationalist movements has always been premised on the principles of collective self determination of the German speaking people, and the need for territorial unification to achieve these ends. According to early German philosophers such as Johann Gottfried Herder, who first developed the concept of German nationalism particularly argued that ethno-linguistic nations are the only legitimate nations. Throughout the history, the definition of being German has always presented numerous difficulties. This is particularly owing to the linguistic diversity in the German speaking lands with the main German dialects currently being Bavarian, Swabian, Cologne and Saxon. In this regard, despite our common history as German speaking peoples, the us of terms like â€Å"Sprachnation†-people united by a common language, or â€Å"Kulturnation†-a people united by a singular culture can not properly define what a German is. In my humble opinion, I would define German a unique people with a rich tied history dating back to the Middle Ages. From Prussia to Baden to Wà ¼rttemberg and to Bavaria, We the Deutsche are one

Disease and Conditions of the Circulatory System Essay

Disease and Conditions of the Circulatory System - Essay Example Tablets should be counted daily and every attack should be noted and reported to the doctor/physician. If you are using the transdermal Ointment, squeeze the prescribed dose to the applicator then spread it in a thin layer on the patch. Then put the patch on the skin surfaces without hair. Finally cover and wrap with secure tape. The ointment should not touch your fingers. Keep changing the areas of application to avoid inflammation. Store the container in a cool dry place. The Hypertensive heart disease is a number of combined complications of the systematic arterial hypertension or high blood pressure affecting the heart. There is hypertensive heart disease with heart failure and that without. It is a risk factor for atherosclerosis and and ischemic heart disease. It is caused by chronically elevated blood pressure. High blood pressure increases the pressure of the blood vessels, making the heart to work harder while pumping blood. The heart muscles thicken and the left ventricle of the heart is enlarged. The heart can no longer pump the amounts of blood it could before. This leads to the thickening of the blood vessel walls .It accounts for 90% of the cases of hypertension in adults. Framingham conducted a study that showed that the disease accounts for a quarter of the heart failure cases. It has been common in the elderly. Its preference is high due to the many reported cases of blood pressure today. Due to societal anxieties, more and more people are being diagnosed with blood pressure a risk factor of the heart disease. This inturn makes more people prone due to the heredity factor. Leisure activities like smoking and not eating healthy also have led to the increase in the rate of prevalence. Other contributing risk factors include obesity and diabetes which are on the rise daily. The prevalence can be reduced by people living healthier lifestyles and avoiding smoking, eating healthy and exercising. One should

Real Estate in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Real Estate in America - Essay Example According to the expert analysis the wide involvement of real estate in equally the 1984-88 booms plus the 1988-92 bust in innovative England has been well acknowledged. A theatrical rise in housing prices fueled customer expenditure, building employment prolonged additional than 50 percent, and in general employment enlargement was concerted in "inhabitants serving organization." (Browne, Lynn F., 2002) According to the expert reports and analysis, 72 percent of all bank lend throughout the explosion was collateralized through real estate, and real estate loans accounted for other than 90 percent of Bank of New England's losses. Advanced situation rates, lower rents, and senior capitalization rates (distinct below) led to pointed declines in profitable real estate values. Analogous real estate association in the financial cycle had been recognized earlier in Texas and was experiential afterward in California, Alaska, and Hawaii of America. If we analyzed then we come to know that the latter was dangerous to Primo's policy to swim through the big fish, since considerable deals now need the backing of real estate titans. "There are trillions of dollars of assets stand for by New York association that spend crosswise all asset classes," says Primo (Case, Karl E., 2005, 83-92). If we analyzed the marketing effor... But flouting into the real estate asset advisory trade was chiefly challenging. Moreover, the country was mired in a depression, the real estate market was firm hit, and no recognized white-owned organization in the U.S. was willing to take a possibility on two fairly unknown black men in such unfortunate marketplace conditions (Clayton, Jim. 2005, 341-63). Subsequent to lots of failed attempts to get hold of startup capital from U.S. firms, Primo and Carter determined to look overseas. They logical that they knew the U.S. market improved than some European companies so race would be less of a issue and that it was a good time for a overseas firm to buy into the American marketplace since real estate prices was miserable. Consequently they approached Chesterton worldwide, a 200-year-old, London-based real estate corporation. Moreover, Primo and Carter used Chesterton's early investment to wrap operating expenses awaiting they got their primary big break in 1993, when the state of Connecticut gave them $100 million of the state's retirement fund finance to straight, which they located more often than not in real estate investment properties (Miles, Mike, and Nancy Tolleson. 2003). According to the expert analysis, Trilogy gives Capri retail real estate securities asset funds that are deal in the public markets at a time when shareholder attention in real estate securities is growing. Primo approximation the market for real estate securities at almost $300 billion and rising, and he vows to take advantage of on that enlargement. Conclusion In synopsis, profitable real estate is a important part of the nation's collection of assets. The market nowadays is as strong as it is ever been, through no clear signs of overbuilding. While commercial real estate markets stay

Ikeas Entry Strategy In Russia Marketing Essay

Ikeas Entry Strategy In Russia Marketing Essay Globalisation is the growing trend towards worldwide markets in products,capital and labour,unrestricted by barriers.Globalisation is not a new process but it has accerelated in recent years with the rapid growth of multnational companies and expansion of free international trade with the key feature of Globalisation that have an impact on business strategy are; Increased international trade as barriers to trade are reduced. Growth of multanational businesses in all countries as there is greater freedom for capital to be invested from one country to another. Freer movement of workers between countries. Direct investment is when a business entering a foreign based assembly or manufacturing facilities.Globalisation is having a great impact on the marketing strategies adopted by businesses that trade internationally. One features of globolisation is that national and regional difference in tastes,culture,fashion and wants are becoming less obvious. According to some analysists (e.g Levitt) The world is becoming more standardised in the goods and services that it is demanding. If this is true, then the opportunies for companies to use technology to gain massive economies of scale by selling the same product across the globe are huge. Other writers ( e.g Donglas and Wind ) suggest that substantial differences still exist in consumer needs in different countries` markets.Standardisation is only one option for entering these markets and this will sometimes fail.The alternative is for businesses to adapt a global marketing mix to local needs and conditions this is called localisation. Product adaption involves changing the product to meet local conditions or wants. For example, finish cell phone maker Nokia customises its cell phones for every major market. Developers build in rudimentary voice recognization for Asia where key boards are a problem and raise the ring volume, so phones can be heard on crowded Asian streets. Nokia is also making a major push to create full featured but rugged and low cost phones that meet the needs of affluent consumers in large developing countries such as India,China etc. Product standardisation: The term `standardisation` indicates the presence ot certain desirable qualities like utility durability, safety and desirable features like design, weight, colour in a product. Standardisation refers to the process of setting standards for a commodity on the basis of its desire qualities. Standardized global marketing refers to an international marketing strategy for using basically tha same marketing strategy and mix in all the company`s international markets. IKEA is the Swedish home furnishing company having more than 200 stores in 32 countries selling a range of some 10,000 articles and having more than 84,000 employees within IKEA group. IKEA as a multinational company entering Russia with strategy based on adaptation and on standardisation. A strategy based on adaptation to meet local condition or wants in foreign market(Russia). This strategy is adopted to the larger extent as it is supported by the following evidences from case study. IKEA has an impression that few companies in Russia focused on solving the needs of the many people by offering attractive products at reasonable prices. It enters the market knowing exactly that there is a gap market demand left therefore decided to think global but act local. Entry strategy was based on the view that there is a need to live and learn about the new market before setting the strategies. Within IKEA, setting up a new bussiness was described as very little theory and very much practice. IKEA`s entry strategy based on taking stock of the existing situation. The mostly used technique is called SWOT analysis ,i.e strengths,weaknesses,opportunities and threats. IKEA identifies the key needs and wants of Russian, for example low level of education and lack of experienced management staff and takes the task to train and prepare the local people who will be ready to lead further expansion process. As a manager has commented about his management group My main task is really to make this group more Russian and export people for the upcoming expansion IKEA practesed home visits to customers inorder to talk to people see how they live and used their homes and to identify potential needs and wants not fully realised by customers themselves. Understanding local family conditions and furnishing traditions them provided as a basis for an effective introduction and marketing of the IKEA concept. A store manager pointed out that the main priority in Russia is the normal living costs and then comes the car and TV and afterwards may be a trip abroad. One example of how IKEA has considered the local preferences is in developing the room settings to refect local conditions in terms of apartment sizes and local traditionals of furnishing. It should also be possible to mix Mix and match the range with the Russian home. IKEA`s entry strategy for Russian based on standardization, the market concept holds that marketing program will be more effective if tailered to the unique needs of each targeted customer group. Consumers in different countries still have widely varied culture backgrounds.They differ significantly in their needs wants spending powers, product preferences and shopping patterns, because these differences are hard to change, IKEA adapt their products prices, channels and promotions to fit consumers desires in Russia. IKEA decided to apply adapted Global marketing strategy for adjusting the marketing strategy and mix elements to each international target market bearing more costs but hoping for a larger market share and return. Standardised marketing strategy for using basically the same marketing strategy and mix all the company internationally markets. IKEA`s basic strategy neither to adjust the style of the products of the local,needs nor follow the competitors`s product development was central preserving the IKEA concept and image the range is supposed to be ,IKEA unique and typical IKEA All range of product are divided into four major categories or styles, scandinavian country, modern and young Swede,which are clearly distingushed in all businesses areas across the store. One of the reasons why IKEA was successful with its standard product ranges in Russia was the fact that several of these IKEA ranges emphasise the morden style,which is very different from the traditional Russian style but is attractive and new for the Russian customers since it symbolises change. However, IKEA`s entry strategy on adaptation and standardisation was limited ,that the store played an additional role by becoming the training site for new employees. Since IKEA was totally new to many Russian customers to bring people as much as possible in the store in order to learn about IKEA becomes an additional task. IKEA is trying to strike the balance between adaptation and standardisation in the Russian market. IKEA introduces more or less the same product range in all new countries irrispective of what is considered popular by local customers. In Russia IKEA`s Scandinavian furniture design in some contract to the historically preferred dark wood, massive, lacquered, expensive furniture. In order to support this strategy IKEA most often identifies the potential needs that are similar across markets. 3. IKEA`S MARKET BEHAVIOR IN RUSSIA Selling in foregn market was once too risky and expensive for most firms, so only large businesses growing too large for their national markets are used to commit to this form of marketing. Improved communication, better transport links and free International trade. For many firms International marketing is now an opportunity to profitably exapand their sale indeed, for some firms it is no longer an option to remain based in just one country. Consumer make many buying decision everyday and the buying decision is the focal point of their market`s effort. Most large companies reseach consumers buying desicions in great details to answer questions about what consumers buy, where they buy, how and how much they buy, when they buy and why they buy. Market behavior depends on the factors that affect consumers behaviour. Culture is the set of basic values, perceptions, wants and behaviors learned by member of society from family and other important institutions. Failure to adjust to these differences can result in effective marketing or embarrasing mistakes. Company are always trying to sport culture shifts in order to discover new products that might be wanted. Cultural factors exert a broad and deep influence on consumer bahaviour. The marketer needs to understand the role played by the buyyer`s culture, sub culture and social class. IKEA company in Russia enters by recreating its company culture from scratch. In Moscow that included the replication of the store design and layout in accordance with the latest version in the existing store and extensive cultural education that was carried out by the team of experienced IKEA people. Another IKEA approach was to create needs that could be satsfied within the range and to inspire customers with numerous new solutions based on existing range. The theme Living with small spaces was one such solution used in Russia. Consumers` behavior also is influenced by social factors, such as consumer`s small groups, family and social roles and status. Marketers try to identify the reference groups of their target markets. Reference group expose a person to new behaviors and life styles, influence a persons attitudes and self concept and create pressures to confirm that may affect the person`s product and brand choices. The importance of group influence varies across products and brands. It tends to be strongest when the product is visible to other whom the buyer respects. Personal factor also influnce market behavior of the market. A buyer`s decision also are influenced by personal characteristics such as buyer`s age and life cycle stage, occupation ,economic situation, life style, personality and self concept. People change goods and services they buy over their lifetimes, taste in food, clothes, furniture and recreation are often age related. Buying is also shaped by the stage of the family life cycle the stages through which family might pass as they mature over time. Marketer also define their target and develope oppropiate products and marketing plans for each stage. IKEA`s market behavior in Russia has been different due to the fact that Russia ia an emerging market that has advanced. Since IKEA was totally new many Russian customers to bring people as much as possible in the store in order to learn about IKEA and get a positive attitude was a main goal from the very begining. IKEA put a strong emphasis on making the Russian customers feel welcome and important in the store which was very unusual for Russian stores at the time. The way the range was presented and the opportunity to touch and test everything in the store also made the products much more desirable to the Moscow customers. This was new and unusual retail approach. Another respect that IKEA company used, it considered the local preferences in developing the room setting to reflect local conditions in terms of apartment sizes and local traditions of furnishing. Also building an image of low price brand that guaranteed attractive and morden products of good quality. IKEA was completely to the journalists and introduced them to the IKEA way and values by organising press trips to Almhult in Sweden to learn how the range is created. The result was that the press coverage of IKEA in Russia become much more positive. IKEA operations in Russia was the fact that IKEA was the only company that stayed in Russia after the currency devaluation and subsoquent collapse in August 1998 when almost all the foreign companies left the country,that created an immediate effect of trust an willingness to cooperate with IKEA on the part of the major Russian politicians By concluding the IKEA marketing behaviour in Russia has been different in reapects of Russian culture, social factors, personal factors, economic situation and psychological factors. 4. IKEA`S VISION ,ITS MARKETING STRATEGY AND INFLUENCE IN RUSSIA Business vision is the statement of what the organisation would like to achieve or accomplish in the long term. Basically a vision statement is what the organisation wants to become (future) e.g Nokia-our vision is a world where every one is connected ,Minnesota Health Department(USA) the vision is to keep all residents healthy, McDonald`s Reustarants-Mc Donalds has a vision where the world buys more McDolnalds than any other fast food. A brand is the name sign ,symbol design or combination of all used to distinguish the product of one firm from others. A brand is the means by which the firm identifies itself with customers e.g ITC for Indian Tobacco Company, family names such as Tata steel, IBM Computers etc. Positive brand equity derives from customer feelings about and connections with a brand. Consumers sometimes bond very closely with specific brands.For example one Michigan couple had such a passion for Black Decker`s Dewalt power tool brand that they designed their entire wedding around it. Building a strong brands posses challenging decisions to the marketer. Major brand strategy desicions involve brand positioning, brand name selection, brand sponsorship and brand development. Managing brands companies manage their brand careful. First the brand positioning must be continously communicated to tha consumers. Major brand marketers spend huge amounts on advertising to create brand awareness and to build preference and loyalty. Such advertising compagns can help to create name recognition, brand knowledge and may be even some brand preference. However the fact is that brands are not maintaned by advertising but by the brand experience. To day consumers come to know a brand through a wide range of contacts and touch points.These include advertising but also personal experience with the brand, word of mouth, company web, pages and many others. IKEA can be regarded as a global brand because IKEA is a leading home furnishing company with more than 200 stores in 32 countries, sellimg a range of some 10,000 articles and having more than 84,000 employees within the IKEA group. IKEA marketing strategy in Russia influenced/contribute to the company`s brand vision by focusing on solving the needs of the many people by offering attractive products at reasonable price. IKEA enters Russia by recreating its company culture from scratch. In Moscow that included the replication of the store design and layout in accordance with the latest version of the existing store and an extensive culture education that was carried out by the team of experinced IKEA people. Marketing communications become an important means to create tha right image of IKEA .The ways to communicate the image through the out door products, image ads in the glossy magazines, TV, buzz network or word of mouth. Internal organisation processes also supported the positioning strategy. Common activities carried on a regular basis were informal and formal discussions at the store level where co-workers from once or several store depertments take part.The discussions covered different costomer issues the best ways to present the range to the customers. Market data and experience were also transfered and shared within and between different depertments and units at the company. By conluding the marketing strategy in Russia contribute to the company`s brand vision by focusing on solving the needs of the many people by offering eye-catching-product,communications,Internal organisations and positioning strategy 6. IKEASS OPPORTUNITIES TO ACHIEVE LONG TERM SUCCESS, MAIN CHALLENGES AND MEASURES IN RUSSIAN MARKET Identifying successfull business opportunities is one of the most important stages in being an effective company. Many compnaies say they want to work for themselves butthey do not make the leap to success because they have not been able to identify a market need that will offer sufficient demand for their product to allow thebusiness to become profitable. International business operate more than one country, these are often called multinational companies. Multi national companies are business organistaions that have their headquaters in one country, but with operating branches in other countries. IKEASS opportunities to achieve long term success in the Russian market was that the IKEAS owner saw Russia as a long term investment also enables the management to supply a long term view that may become a competitive advantages in the yearto come. IKEA was successfull with its standard product range which was the fact that several of these IKEA ranges emphasizes the modern style which is very different from traditional Russian style but is attractive and new for the Russian customers since its symbolise changes. Marketing communication became an importnat means to create the right image of IKEA in Russia. Government authorities and officials of different ranks were also critical stakeholders group. Their goodwill and support was crucial for IKEA expansion in Russia. However IKEA has faced some challeneges in Russia such as: Lack of experienced local workers, Totally new to many Russian customers, High customs fees , neccessity to purchase more from the local producers, difficult in finding and developing suppliers in Russia, Low buying power of Russin customers. Russian customers low price wasvery strongly related to unattractive products of poor quality and one of the challenges has been to overcome this and explain how it is possible to offergood products at low prices. Measures taken by IKEA to overcome the challenge were: providing training programs to local workers, improving market communications, adapting the local Russian culture, common activities carried out on a regular basis were formal and informal disccussion at there levels were co-workers from one or several departments take part.

Racism In America :: essays research papers

If someone asked you what it would be like to live in a perfect world, how would you reply? Many people might say something like, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A place without and arguments or fighting.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Others might say à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A place where there is not pollution.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  But, has anyone one ever thought to say, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A place without racism.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ? For some Americans, racism has never even crossed their minds. For others, it is something they have to live with everyday. In some societies in America, racism isnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t even a factor, all citizens of the community get along. But, in other societies, racism is a case that could be life threatening. Racism, in definition, is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the belief that humanity is divided into stratified genetically different socks called races; according to ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s adherentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s racial differences make one group superior to another.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Ethics; Walker, Randolph Meade, 722) If you are a racist, you believe in racism. Racists will often claim that members of their own race or minority are à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“mentally, physically, morally and/or culturally superior to those of other races.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (The World Book Encyclopedia; Pettigrew, Thomas F., 62) For these reasons, many racists think they deserve special rights or privileges. The Bill of Rights was written a little under 200 years ago, yet controlling racism in America is still a task no one can seem to over take. In South Carolina, a Confederate flag still waves high over the capitol for everyone to see. Is the kind of example we want to set for the youth of America? To people in Europe, Asia, and on other continents, America is a wonderful place to live. It has been said to be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“one of the greatest nations on earth.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Nova; Marshall, Christopher) Yet, our struggle to regulate all of our citizens is a revolutionary war that has yet to and probably will never be won. Slavery is said to be one of the greatest racial tragedies to ever happen in America. Upon the entrance of this new millenium, slavery and racism is still practiced in America. White Americans have their forefathers to blame for the hatred and anger they have in their hearts concerning races different from theirs. What is said to be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the God-given right to equality and ultimate freedomà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Nova; Marshall, Christopher) has been crushed for many, by the uncited ignorance of my à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"finelyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ educated people. Racists often need someone to blame for the wrong-doings, hatred and stupidity in America. Who better to blame than someone with skin of a different color? Racism is just another form of prejudice. If a person or group of people acts or dresses differently, these people may get distrusted or disowned. Many people do not recognize the

Aquarius: A New Isotonic Sports Drink In Asia Essay

Background Aquarius is a new isotonic sports drink launched in Asia at the year 2012 by The Coca-Cola Company. Aquarius was introduced in Japan in year 1983 as a grapefruit flavored sports drink as a response to compete for market share with other isotonic sports drinks such as Pocari Sweat,H2O and 100plus.Aquarius was also the official sports drink for Olympics game in Barcelona in 1992 and 2012.As it’s a new launch product in Asia, there’s a need to create awareness to enable consumer to know and have a better understanding about this product. Aquarius is not only an isotonic drink that is able to replenish health but also contains various minerals such as Potassium, vitamins B3, B12, B6 and Guarana. Target Audience With the knowledge of psychographic characteristics is used to describe and identify customers and prospective customers and to aid in developing strategies designed to appeal to specific segments of the market for Aquarius. Aquarius is created to target sports and health cautious consumers as there is a raise in health awareness as people are leading in a more health cautious behavior. Exercise had become a more regular routine and Aquarius is the right isotonic drink to replenish and crunch thirst after a good workout. Thoughts and Feelings Consumers are able to trust Aquarius as it is a product from a reputational beverage company The Coca-Cola. The Coca-Cola had been a leading beverage brand in the market; with a good history background it created trust in its products. Aquarius is an official isotonic drink for Olympics 1992 and 2012. With such a massive event and being the official drink had proven its value and gain trust in the market. Well known athletic had consume Aquarius during the game had given it trust on the brand. Objectives and Measures The objective of Aquarius is to become the leading isotonic drink in the market. Measures can be achieved by conducting personal interviews, focus group interviews or conduct public survey to measure how recognized is the brand to consumers. Behavioral Outcome Aquarius would become a brand recall, a brand that will imprint in a person mind. As Aquarius is targeting sporty and health cautious consumers, therefore after a workout or they feel like getting a soft drink to ease the thirst, Aquarius will be the number one brand they will think of and reach out for. Positioning Television advertisement, sports events and sports and health magazines will be heavily advertising Aquarius to promote this product as it is new in Asia. Asia marketing would be on a heavier focus. Aquarius must be easily available, places such as school; stadiums, drinks stores, vending machines and supermarkets will be carrying Aquarius. Pricing plays an important role; it will be sold at an affordable rate. A slogan can be proposed such as Always Energized, this create a catchy term for people to have deeper impression of Aquarius isotonic drink. A striking logo to imprint in person mind, whenever consumer sees similarity will easily associate to Aquarius. Strategy A marathon run that held island wide can be a campaign to promote Aquarius. Proposal like Aquarius run which is held and official drink will Aquarius. Aquarius logo can be printed on the goodies bag and other merchandised included. By holding this event, it can create awareness and publicity, participants also get the chance to taste Aquarius and feel its benefits. Celebrity endorsement is also recommended, by getting a sporty and well known celebrity such as Jackie Chan. Jackie Chan is a well know international artiste and also an athletic, with his martial arts history and stunt act. He would be a good choice to endorse Aquarius. It will gain attraction and create notice of the brand in Asia or globally. Nitty Gritty Details The deadline for client is 13 December 2012 as client had a month to consider and get back. The budget for the production would be estimated at Eight hundred thousand dollars, this include marathon events and celebrity endorsement fee. Bibliography The Coca Cola Company, 2012,[Online],available: http://www.coca-cola.com.sg/beverage_benefits/aquarius.asp view on [13 November 2012] Rtbot,2012,[Online],available: http://www.rtbot.net/Aquarius_(sports_drink) view on [13 November 2012] Conteneo,2012,[Online],available: http://www.infodrinks.com/soft-drinks/sport-drinks/isotonic/aquarius/ view on [13 November 2012]

Alcoholism Feature Article Essay

Introduction (Opening facts): Alcohol is the most dangerous drug in Australia, beating crack and heroin into second and third place in the ranking, according to recent studies. The current research used data from the 2012 National Survey on Drug Use and Health found that almost 60% of 18-24 year old current drinkers, who failed to complete high school, began drinking before the age of 16. The survey also revealed that teens are more likely to try alcohol for the first time during the summer months, along with other harmful drugs or cigarettes. Teens are susceptible to alcohol mostly during this time due to more idle time, fewer responsibilities and less adult supervision. Effects and results: With more than 1 in five teens between the ages of 14 and 19 of age, consuming alcohol on a weekly basis, the risk of cancer, digestive diseases and addicted related medical issues are predicted to rise. Those who drink regularly have been proven to have a lower productivity rate than those of unaffected areas. Underage drinking plays a significant role in risky, sexual and often violent behaviour, which can lead to other health issues or injuries. As a result of this, motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death in people ages 15 to 20. Deadly crashes involving alcohol are twice as common in teens compared with people 21 and older. Further more, mixing drinking with swimming or boating can be fatal. Four out of 10 teens that drown have consumed alcohol. Underage drinking has also been linked with deaths and injuries from burns, falls, alcohol poisoning and suicide. Consequently, the total cost attribute to underage drinking includes costs of traffic cras hes, violent crime and injuries and treatment, equates to over $15.2 billion per year. Signs and prevention: From the results of underage drinking proving deadly and most harmful, people in today’s modern society need to wake up to the signs towards alcoholism, especially towards younger victims. Mood changes, irritability and defensiveness are physical signs, which can be easily recognised. Another example is further school problems such as poor attendance, low grades and rebellion against family rules. Although many of the symptoms may seem typical towards an ordinary teenager, parents and carers should still be aware of these as they may reflect on how their child may be suffering from alcoholism. ‘It is critically important to take every opportunity we can, throughout the year to talk to our young people about the real risk of substance abuse and effective measures for avoiding it, so they will be informed and capable of making the right responsible decision.’ Common Experiences: A recent victim who has suffered from alcohol as a result to his death, is Liam Davies (16). As reported after New Years, Davies drank the tainted alcohol while celebrating New Year’s in Sydney with friends. He was rushed to a local hospital where he was in an unstable critical condition from alcohol poisoning. The Davies family released a statement asking for Australians to be careful when holidaying abroad or drinking in general. â€Å"We would like to make people aware of the risks associated with consuming alcohol, especially without appropriate supervision†.

Dramatic scene Essay Example

Dramatic scene Essay Example Dramatic scene Paper Dramatic scene Paper Note how Marco realises what Eddie is trying to do, so he challenges Eddie to a chair lifting contest, showing Eddie he isnt the strongest man around. Act I ends on a dramatic note with Marco triumphantly lifting the chair above Eddies head like a weapon, giving us a parallel with the end of Act II, when Marco again defeats Eddie in a physical struggle. 16. The Catherine Rodolpho Eddie Triangle A highly dramatic scene In another highly dramatic scene, when a drunk Eddie returns home to find Rodolpho and Catherine emerging from the bedroom, he attempts to humiliate Rodolpho in two ways: First he kisses him full on the mouth, implying to Catherine that Rodolpho is gay. Then he kisses Catherine passionately himself (this first expression of his true feelings for her probably happens because the drink has reduced his inhibitions) to try to show Rodolpho that Catherine is already his (Eddies) and not available. Kissing Catherine marks the point of no return for Eddie. He could no longer disguise his passion for her and he realises, after this scene, that, if he forces Rodolpho out of the flat, Catherine will leave with her fianci so he will need to do something drastic if he is to prevent their marriage. In desperation Eddie goes to Alfieri, the lawyer, to ask if there is anything which can be done legally to prevent the marriage. Eddie says of Rodolpho; the guy aint right. Alfieri informs Eddie that there is nothing the law can do. However, the obsessed, tortured Eddie remembers there is one thing he can do if he is prepared to pay the price. The Conclusion. Realising that there is nothing the law can do to prevent the marriage of Rodolpho and Catherine, Eddie remembers Alfieris words. The lawyer had told him that the only thing he could do to prevent the marriage would be to report to the Immigration Service that he had two illegal immigrants in his house. To do this would amount to a betrayal of his wife, his family and his community and he would be an outcast, shunned by everyone. In schools, pupils who grass on others are despised, so you can imagine what Eddie would have to endure Alfieri had warned Eddie what would happen if he phoned: You wont have a friend in the world, Eddie. Even those who understand will turn against you. Put it out if your mind. But he cant. The rest of the play shows what desperate measures a human being is prepared to take when  he (or she) is in the grip of a great passion or obsession. Eddie has lost control of himself. His brain and common sense have been overwhelmed by his physical and emotional desires even to the point of self- destruction. It is frightening to watch and shows us that a passion, if strong enough, can lead us to betray our community and friends. It is Eddies bad luck that two other illegal immigrants, relations of Lipari, the butcher, have moved into the flat above without his knowing. When he gives the address to the Immigration Service it means he has betrayed these men too and it makes his rejection by his community certain. Marco spitting in Eddies face and naming him as the betrayer are important acts in marking Eddie as a social outcast. The final section of the play opens poignantly with Eddie alone in the rocker, rocking back and forth, emphasising his isolation from his family and community. He reminds me of a wounded lion still trying to prove he is powerful. On the day of Catherine and Rodolphos wedding (emphasising that his act of betrayal had not managed to achieve his aim of destroying their relationship), he is still trying to exert his authority over Beatrice. Eddie: You walk out that door to that wedding you aint coming back here Beatrice. Beatrice: Why? What do you want? Eddie: I want my respect. Didnt you ever hear of that? From my wife. Probably because he knows in his heart that he has lost it, Eddie is preoccupied in these final moments of the play with having respect from his wife and from the community. Catherine tells him openly that he has lost the right to any respect but Beatrice still seems to want to obey and love him. Beatrice says one very important thing, which makes us think hard about the events in the play: Whatever happened we all done it, and dont you ever forget it, Catherine. Beatrice certainly doesnt believe that Eddie is the only one to blame. Do you? There is an important conversation between Marco (awaiting his deportation trial) and Alfieri in prison. You will remember that Eddie was amazed that the law was powerless to stop Rodolpho marrying Catherine; Marco is equally astounded that there is no law to punish Eddie for his betrayal which, as Marco puts it, degraded my brother. My blood. He robbed my children, he mocks my work. Marco realises that, as his family have been insulted, he has a duty, under the code of vendetta, to satisfy the familys honour by gaining revenge on Eddie. So Marco, despite promises to the contrary, seeks out Eddie as soon as he is let out of prison to await his trial. It is easy to miss one significant point. Rodolpho mentions to Eddie that Marco is coming. Hes praying in the church. Part of the ritual of the vendetta was that the person prayed for Gods help and for success in the act of vengeance. It is interesting that murder for revenge was seen not as an act of unjustified violence but divine justice, doing what the law was unable to do. You will note that Marco says, of Eddie, to Alfieri: In my country he would be dead now. He would not live this long. Those who violate the communitys code face the prospect of revenge from the family of the victim. We have learned enough about Eddie to know that he will not try to escape when he knows Marco is coming, although Rodolpho, Beatrice and Catherine urge him to do so. Eddie would have considered this cowardice and he is also determined to make Marco apologise for spitting in his face and making his public accusation of betrayal. Eddie probably knows that he faces a life of loneliness and of being shunned by his community. To him such a life would not be worth living and he would rather risk death in a confrontation with Marco in the hope of perhaps regaining his good name by making Marco apologise. It is a faint hope, but Eddie has to cling to it. In the event, Marco merely repeats his accusations and, in the ensuing fight, kills Eddie. It is a powerful, dramatic ending to the play. The audience is left with many thoughts. Alfieri proclaims Eddies epitaph: He would not settle for half, whereas most of the time, in these civilised days, most of us do. Throughout the play, Eddie has refused to compromise, whereas most of us do, most of the time. He is driven to his death by this aspect of his personality,because of his own, however has refused to accept the fact that he is powerless to prevent his niece from loving someone else and cannot accept that the law is sometimes unable to provide what he, Eddie, considers to be justice. Speaking of Eddies death, Arthur Miller wrote in the preface to the play: We are in the presence of a character who is ready to lay down his life, if need be, to secure one thing his sense of personal dignity and to gain his rightful position in society. He refuses to remain passive in the face of what he conceives to be a challenge to his dignity. Only the passive, only those who accept their lot without active retaliation, are flawless. Most of us are in that category. Eddie, then, is an exceptional man, more prepared to press things to the limit than most of us are. All works of literature have a number of themes. These are ideas which the author has which she or he wants to share with the audience or with readers, for us to think about. So what are the main themes of A View from the Bridge? Betrayal Arthur Miller was particularly interested in what makes a person (in this case, Eddie) betray the trust even of people he loves and of the community in which she or he lives. In most cases it is passion (often sexual desire)which leads a person into betrayal. Eddie betrays Marco, Rodolpho, Liparis relations and their families when he telephones the Immigration Service. He betrays Beatrices love for him by his passion for her niece. He also betrays Catherines love for him as a father-figure and he betrays his own principles, all because he is in the grip of his strong sexual passion. Illusions Many of Millers characters suffer from illusions about what the world is like. This eventually leads to some lack of reality about the nature of the world. Eddies great illusion is that he can keep Catherine as a baby all her life and prevent her having contact with the more unpleasant aspects of life. He also seems to have illusions about what a dangerous world it is and how untrustworthy people are. You may remember the rather cynical advice he gave Catherine: Dont trust nobody. Believe me, Katie, the less you trust, the less you be sorry. The great irony is that Eddie is the one who is less worthy of trust than anyone in the play. Reputation and Community Many of us are content if we believe we have acted properly. If our own conscience is satisfied, we do not worry unnecessarily what others think of us. For many of Arthur Millers heroes, including Eddie, this is not enough. They need to have the communitys approval and respect. You will remember Eddies comment when he is being urged to run from Marco. Eddie says: I want my name. In order to live happily, Eddie needs his good name restored. Many of Millers heroes, including Eddie, would rather die than lose their good name with the rest of the community. Law and Justice A View from the Bridge makes us think about the issues of law and justice. The character, Alfieri, despite knowing in his heart about the probable tragic ending, is unable to do anything because the law is not adequate to deal with the strongest of human emotions. Neither is the law the same as justice. Marco believes that justice would be for Eddie to die because he has, in effect, caused Marcos family to starve. Yet the American law approves of Eddies action in reporting illegal immigrants. Miller, therefore, makes us question whether the law of a country is concerned with justice. The law of the government may be different from the law of the community in keeping the law of the country. Try to think of it in terms of schools. There are the rules (laws) made by the teachers; dont misbehave in class etc. , and the rules of the pupils; dont grass on your friends. Keeping the laws of the teachers may cause you to break the laws of the pupils, and vice versa. The Importance of Fate There seems to be little to be done to avoid the tragedy of Eddies death. It all seems predestined because of the situation Eddie is in and the powerful emotions he has. Miller makes us think about the extent to which human beings are able to control events. Certainly the intelligent Alfieri is incapable of preventing the tragedy. The Style of the Play. There are a few important points: The importance of conflict Note how many conversations in the play have two or more characters in conflict over an issue. This gives the play more energy. Dramatic moments Note how the conversations are broken up by scenes of dramatic action: e. g. the lifting of the chair the kissing scene the boxing scene the fight at the end of the play This means the audiences emotions fluctuate; quiet moments of conversation are broken up by sections of action which raise the emotions of the audience. Links with Greek tragedies.