Disease and Conditions of the Circulatory System Essay

Disease and Conditions of the Circulatory System - Essay Example Tablets should be counted daily and every attack should be noted and reported to the doctor/physician. If you are using the transdermal Ointment, squeeze the prescribed dose to the applicator then spread it in a thin layer on the patch. Then put the patch on the skin surfaces without hair. Finally cover and wrap with secure tape. The ointment should not touch your fingers. Keep changing the areas of application to avoid inflammation. Store the container in a cool dry place. The Hypertensive heart disease is a number of combined complications of the systematic arterial hypertension or high blood pressure affecting the heart. There is hypertensive heart disease with heart failure and that without. It is a risk factor for atherosclerosis and and ischemic heart disease. It is caused by chronically elevated blood pressure. High blood pressure increases the pressure of the blood vessels, making the heart to work harder while pumping blood. The heart muscles thicken and the left ventricle of the heart is enlarged. The heart can no longer pump the amounts of blood it could before. This leads to the thickening of the blood vessel walls .It accounts for 90% of the cases of hypertension in adults. Framingham conducted a study that showed that the disease accounts for a quarter of the heart failure cases. It has been common in the elderly. Its preference is high due to the many reported cases of blood pressure today. Due to societal anxieties, more and more people are being diagnosed with blood pressure a risk factor of the heart disease. This inturn makes more people prone due to the heredity factor. Leisure activities like smoking and not eating healthy also have led to the increase in the rate of prevalence. Other contributing risk factors include obesity and diabetes which are on the rise daily. The prevalence can be reduced by people living healthier lifestyles and avoiding smoking, eating healthy and exercising. One should

Real Estate in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Real Estate in America - Essay Example According to the expert analysis the wide involvement of real estate in equally the 1984-88 booms plus the 1988-92 bust in innovative England has been well acknowledged. A theatrical rise in housing prices fueled customer expenditure, building employment prolonged additional than 50 percent, and in general employment enlargement was concerted in "inhabitants serving organization." (Browne, Lynn F., 2002) According to the expert reports and analysis, 72 percent of all bank lend throughout the explosion was collateralized through real estate, and real estate loans accounted for other than 90 percent of Bank of New England's losses. Advanced situation rates, lower rents, and senior capitalization rates (distinct below) led to pointed declines in profitable real estate values. Analogous real estate association in the financial cycle had been recognized earlier in Texas and was experiential afterward in California, Alaska, and Hawaii of America. If we analyzed then we come to know that the latter was dangerous to Primo's policy to swim through the big fish, since considerable deals now need the backing of real estate titans. "There are trillions of dollars of assets stand for by New York association that spend crosswise all asset classes," says Primo (Case, Karl E., 2005, 83-92). If we analyzed the marketing effor... But flouting into the real estate asset advisory trade was chiefly challenging. Moreover, the country was mired in a depression, the real estate market was firm hit, and no recognized white-owned organization in the U.S. was willing to take a possibility on two fairly unknown black men in such unfortunate marketplace conditions (Clayton, Jim. 2005, 341-63). Subsequent to lots of failed attempts to get hold of startup capital from U.S. firms, Primo and Carter determined to look overseas. They logical that they knew the U.S. market improved than some European companies so race would be less of a issue and that it was a good time for a overseas firm to buy into the American marketplace since real estate prices was miserable. Consequently they approached Chesterton worldwide, a 200-year-old, London-based real estate corporation. Moreover, Primo and Carter used Chesterton's early investment to wrap operating expenses awaiting they got their primary big break in 1993, when the state of Connecticut gave them $100 million of the state's retirement fund finance to straight, which they located more often than not in real estate investment properties (Miles, Mike, and Nancy Tolleson. 2003). According to the expert analysis, Trilogy gives Capri retail real estate securities asset funds that are deal in the public markets at a time when shareholder attention in real estate securities is growing. Primo approximation the market for real estate securities at almost $300 billion and rising, and he vows to take advantage of on that enlargement. Conclusion In synopsis, profitable real estate is a important part of the nation's collection of assets. The market nowadays is as strong as it is ever been, through no clear signs of overbuilding. While commercial real estate markets stay

Ikeas Entry Strategy In Russia Marketing Essay

Ikeas Entry Strategy In Russia Marketing Essay Globalisation is the growing trend towards worldwide markets in products,capital and labour,unrestricted by barriers.Globalisation is not a new process but it has accerelated in recent years with the rapid growth of multnational companies and expansion of free international trade with the key feature of Globalisation that have an impact on business strategy are; Increased international trade as barriers to trade are reduced. Growth of multanational businesses in all countries as there is greater freedom for capital to be invested from one country to another. Freer movement of workers between countries. Direct investment is when a business entering a foreign based assembly or manufacturing facilities.Globalisation is having a great impact on the marketing strategies adopted by businesses that trade internationally. One features of globolisation is that national and regional difference in tastes,culture,fashion and wants are becoming less obvious. According to some analysists (e.g Levitt) The world is becoming more standardised in the goods and services that it is demanding. If this is true, then the opportunies for companies to use technology to gain massive economies of scale by selling the same product across the globe are huge. Other writers ( e.g Donglas and Wind ) suggest that substantial differences still exist in consumer needs in different countries` markets.Standardisation is only one option for entering these markets and this will sometimes fail.The alternative is for businesses to adapt a global marketing mix to local needs and conditions this is called localisation. Product adaption involves changing the product to meet local conditions or wants. For example, finish cell phone maker Nokia customises its cell phones for every major market. Developers build in rudimentary voice recognization for Asia where key boards are a problem and raise the ring volume, so phones can be heard on crowded Asian streets. Nokia is also making a major push to create full featured but rugged and low cost phones that meet the needs of affluent consumers in large developing countries such as India,China etc. Product standardisation: The term `standardisation` indicates the presence ot certain desirable qualities like utility durability, safety and desirable features like design, weight, colour in a product. Standardisation refers to the process of setting standards for a commodity on the basis of its desire qualities. Standardized global marketing refers to an international marketing strategy for using basically tha same marketing strategy and mix in all the company`s international markets. IKEA is the Swedish home furnishing company having more than 200 stores in 32 countries selling a range of some 10,000 articles and having more than 84,000 employees within IKEA group. IKEA as a multinational company entering Russia with strategy based on adaptation and on standardisation. A strategy based on adaptation to meet local condition or wants in foreign market(Russia). This strategy is adopted to the larger extent as it is supported by the following evidences from case study. IKEA has an impression that few companies in Russia focused on solving the needs of the many people by offering attractive products at reasonable prices. It enters the market knowing exactly that there is a gap market demand left therefore decided to think global but act local. Entry strategy was based on the view that there is a need to live and learn about the new market before setting the strategies. Within IKEA, setting up a new bussiness was described as very little theory and very much practice. IKEA`s entry strategy based on taking stock of the existing situation. The mostly used technique is called SWOT analysis ,i.e strengths,weaknesses,opportunities and threats. IKEA identifies the key needs and wants of Russian, for example low level of education and lack of experienced management staff and takes the task to train and prepare the local people who will be ready to lead further expansion process. As a manager has commented about his management group My main task is really to make this group more Russian and export people for the upcoming expansion IKEA practesed home visits to customers inorder to talk to people see how they live and used their homes and to identify potential needs and wants not fully realised by customers themselves. Understanding local family conditions and furnishing traditions them provided as a basis for an effective introduction and marketing of the IKEA concept. A store manager pointed out that the main priority in Russia is the normal living costs and then comes the car and TV and afterwards may be a trip abroad. One example of how IKEA has considered the local preferences is in developing the room settings to refect local conditions in terms of apartment sizes and local traditionals of furnishing. It should also be possible to mix Mix and match the range with the Russian home. IKEA`s entry strategy for Russian based on standardization, the market concept holds that marketing program will be more effective if tailered to the unique needs of each targeted customer group. Consumers in different countries still have widely varied culture backgrounds.They differ significantly in their needs wants spending powers, product preferences and shopping patterns, because these differences are hard to change, IKEA adapt their products prices, channels and promotions to fit consumers desires in Russia. IKEA decided to apply adapted Global marketing strategy for adjusting the marketing strategy and mix elements to each international target market bearing more costs but hoping for a larger market share and return. Standardised marketing strategy for using basically the same marketing strategy and mix all the company internationally markets. IKEA`s basic strategy neither to adjust the style of the products of the local,needs nor follow the competitors`s product development was central preserving the IKEA concept and image the range is supposed to be ,IKEA unique and typical IKEA All range of product are divided into four major categories or styles, scandinavian country, modern and young Swede,which are clearly distingushed in all businesses areas across the store. One of the reasons why IKEA was successful with its standard product ranges in Russia was the fact that several of these IKEA ranges emphasise the morden style,which is very different from the traditional Russian style but is attractive and new for the Russian customers since it symbolises change. However, IKEA`s entry strategy on adaptation and standardisation was limited ,that the store played an additional role by becoming the training site for new employees. Since IKEA was totally new to many Russian customers to bring people as much as possible in the store in order to learn about IKEA becomes an additional task. IKEA is trying to strike the balance between adaptation and standardisation in the Russian market. IKEA introduces more or less the same product range in all new countries irrispective of what is considered popular by local customers. In Russia IKEA`s Scandinavian furniture design in some contract to the historically preferred dark wood, massive, lacquered, expensive furniture. In order to support this strategy IKEA most often identifies the potential needs that are similar across markets. 3. IKEA`S MARKET BEHAVIOR IN RUSSIA Selling in foregn market was once too risky and expensive for most firms, so only large businesses growing too large for their national markets are used to commit to this form of marketing. Improved communication, better transport links and free International trade. For many firms International marketing is now an opportunity to profitably exapand their sale indeed, for some firms it is no longer an option to remain based in just one country. Consumer make many buying decision everyday and the buying decision is the focal point of their market`s effort. Most large companies reseach consumers buying desicions in great details to answer questions about what consumers buy, where they buy, how and how much they buy, when they buy and why they buy. Market behavior depends on the factors that affect consumers behaviour. Culture is the set of basic values, perceptions, wants and behaviors learned by member of society from family and other important institutions. Failure to adjust to these differences can result in effective marketing or embarrasing mistakes. Company are always trying to sport culture shifts in order to discover new products that might be wanted. Cultural factors exert a broad and deep influence on consumer bahaviour. The marketer needs to understand the role played by the buyyer`s culture, sub culture and social class. IKEA company in Russia enters by recreating its company culture from scratch. In Moscow that included the replication of the store design and layout in accordance with the latest version in the existing store and extensive cultural education that was carried out by the team of experienced IKEA people. Another IKEA approach was to create needs that could be satsfied within the range and to inspire customers with numerous new solutions based on existing range. The theme Living with small spaces was one such solution used in Russia. Consumers` behavior also is influenced by social factors, such as consumer`s small groups, family and social roles and status. Marketers try to identify the reference groups of their target markets. Reference group expose a person to new behaviors and life styles, influence a persons attitudes and self concept and create pressures to confirm that may affect the person`s product and brand choices. The importance of group influence varies across products and brands. It tends to be strongest when the product is visible to other whom the buyer respects. Personal factor also influnce market behavior of the market. A buyer`s decision also are influenced by personal characteristics such as buyer`s age and life cycle stage, occupation ,economic situation, life style, personality and self concept. People change goods and services they buy over their lifetimes, taste in food, clothes, furniture and recreation are often age related. Buying is also shaped by the stage of the family life cycle the stages through which family might pass as they mature over time. Marketer also define their target and develope oppropiate products and marketing plans for each stage. IKEA`s market behavior in Russia has been different due to the fact that Russia ia an emerging market that has advanced. Since IKEA was totally new many Russian customers to bring people as much as possible in the store in order to learn about IKEA and get a positive attitude was a main goal from the very begining. IKEA put a strong emphasis on making the Russian customers feel welcome and important in the store which was very unusual for Russian stores at the time. The way the range was presented and the opportunity to touch and test everything in the store also made the products much more desirable to the Moscow customers. This was new and unusual retail approach. Another respect that IKEA company used, it considered the local preferences in developing the room setting to reflect local conditions in terms of apartment sizes and local traditions of furnishing. Also building an image of low price brand that guaranteed attractive and morden products of good quality. IKEA was completely to the journalists and introduced them to the IKEA way and values by organising press trips to Almhult in Sweden to learn how the range is created. The result was that the press coverage of IKEA in Russia become much more positive. IKEA operations in Russia was the fact that IKEA was the only company that stayed in Russia after the currency devaluation and subsoquent collapse in August 1998 when almost all the foreign companies left the country,that created an immediate effect of trust an willingness to cooperate with IKEA on the part of the major Russian politicians By concluding the IKEA marketing behaviour in Russia has been different in reapects of Russian culture, social factors, personal factors, economic situation and psychological factors. 4. IKEA`S VISION ,ITS MARKETING STRATEGY AND INFLUENCE IN RUSSIA Business vision is the statement of what the organisation would like to achieve or accomplish in the long term. Basically a vision statement is what the organisation wants to become (future) e.g Nokia-our vision is a world where every one is connected ,Minnesota Health Department(USA) the vision is to keep all residents healthy, McDonald`s Reustarants-Mc Donalds has a vision where the world buys more McDolnalds than any other fast food. A brand is the name sign ,symbol design or combination of all used to distinguish the product of one firm from others. A brand is the means by which the firm identifies itself with customers e.g ITC for Indian Tobacco Company, family names such as Tata steel, IBM Computers etc. Positive brand equity derives from customer feelings about and connections with a brand. Consumers sometimes bond very closely with specific brands.For example one Michigan couple had such a passion for Black Decker`s Dewalt power tool brand that they designed their entire wedding around it. Building a strong brands posses challenging decisions to the marketer. Major brand strategy desicions involve brand positioning, brand name selection, brand sponsorship and brand development. Managing brands companies manage their brand careful. First the brand positioning must be continously communicated to tha consumers. Major brand marketers spend huge amounts on advertising to create brand awareness and to build preference and loyalty. Such advertising compagns can help to create name recognition, brand knowledge and may be even some brand preference. However the fact is that brands are not maintaned by advertising but by the brand experience. To day consumers come to know a brand through a wide range of contacts and touch points.These include advertising but also personal experience with the brand, word of mouth, company web, pages and many others. IKEA can be regarded as a global brand because IKEA is a leading home furnishing company with more than 200 stores in 32 countries, sellimg a range of some 10,000 articles and having more than 84,000 employees within the IKEA group. IKEA marketing strategy in Russia influenced/contribute to the company`s brand vision by focusing on solving the needs of the many people by offering attractive products at reasonable price. IKEA enters Russia by recreating its company culture from scratch. In Moscow that included the replication of the store design and layout in accordance with the latest version of the existing store and an extensive culture education that was carried out by the team of experinced IKEA people. Marketing communications become an important means to create tha right image of IKEA .The ways to communicate the image through the out door products, image ads in the glossy magazines, TV, buzz network or word of mouth. Internal organisation processes also supported the positioning strategy. Common activities carried on a regular basis were informal and formal discussions at the store level where co-workers from once or several store depertments take part.The discussions covered different costomer issues the best ways to present the range to the customers. Market data and experience were also transfered and shared within and between different depertments and units at the company. By conluding the marketing strategy in Russia contribute to the company`s brand vision by focusing on solving the needs of the many people by offering eye-catching-product,communications,Internal organisations and positioning strategy 6. IKEASS OPPORTUNITIES TO ACHIEVE LONG TERM SUCCESS, MAIN CHALLENGES AND MEASURES IN RUSSIAN MARKET Identifying successfull business opportunities is one of the most important stages in being an effective company. Many compnaies say they want to work for themselves butthey do not make the leap to success because they have not been able to identify a market need that will offer sufficient demand for their product to allow thebusiness to become profitable. International business operate more than one country, these are often called multinational companies. Multi national companies are business organistaions that have their headquaters in one country, but with operating branches in other countries. IKEASS opportunities to achieve long term success in the Russian market was that the IKEAS owner saw Russia as a long term investment also enables the management to supply a long term view that may become a competitive advantages in the yearto come. IKEA was successfull with its standard product range which was the fact that several of these IKEA ranges emphasizes the modern style which is very different from traditional Russian style but is attractive and new for the Russian customers since its symbolise changes. Marketing communication became an importnat means to create the right image of IKEA in Russia. Government authorities and officials of different ranks were also critical stakeholders group. Their goodwill and support was crucial for IKEA expansion in Russia. However IKEA has faced some challeneges in Russia such as: Lack of experienced local workers, Totally new to many Russian customers, High customs fees , neccessity to purchase more from the local producers, difficult in finding and developing suppliers in Russia, Low buying power of Russin customers. Russian customers low price wasvery strongly related to unattractive products of poor quality and one of the challenges has been to overcome this and explain how it is possible to offergood products at low prices. Measures taken by IKEA to overcome the challenge were: providing training programs to local workers, improving market communications, adapting the local Russian culture, common activities carried out on a regular basis were formal and informal disccussion at there levels were co-workers from one or several departments take part.

Racism In America :: essays research papers

If someone asked you what it would be like to live in a perfect world, how would you reply? Many people might say something like, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A place without and arguments or fighting.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Others might say à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A place where there is not pollution.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  But, has anyone one ever thought to say, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A place without racism.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ? For some Americans, racism has never even crossed their minds. For others, it is something they have to live with everyday. In some societies in America, racism isnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t even a factor, all citizens of the community get along. But, in other societies, racism is a case that could be life threatening. Racism, in definition, is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the belief that humanity is divided into stratified genetically different socks called races; according to ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s adherentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s racial differences make one group superior to another.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Ethics; Walker, Randolph Meade, 722) If you are a racist, you believe in racism. Racists will often claim that members of their own race or minority are à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“mentally, physically, morally and/or culturally superior to those of other races.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (The World Book Encyclopedia; Pettigrew, Thomas F., 62) For these reasons, many racists think they deserve special rights or privileges. The Bill of Rights was written a little under 200 years ago, yet controlling racism in America is still a task no one can seem to over take. In South Carolina, a Confederate flag still waves high over the capitol for everyone to see. Is the kind of example we want to set for the youth of America? To people in Europe, Asia, and on other continents, America is a wonderful place to live. It has been said to be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“one of the greatest nations on earth.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Nova; Marshall, Christopher) Yet, our struggle to regulate all of our citizens is a revolutionary war that has yet to and probably will never be won. Slavery is said to be one of the greatest racial tragedies to ever happen in America. Upon the entrance of this new millenium, slavery and racism is still practiced in America. White Americans have their forefathers to blame for the hatred and anger they have in their hearts concerning races different from theirs. What is said to be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the God-given right to equality and ultimate freedomà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Nova; Marshall, Christopher) has been crushed for many, by the uncited ignorance of my à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"finelyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ educated people. Racists often need someone to blame for the wrong-doings, hatred and stupidity in America. Who better to blame than someone with skin of a different color? Racism is just another form of prejudice. If a person or group of people acts or dresses differently, these people may get distrusted or disowned. Many people do not recognize the

Aquarius: A New Isotonic Sports Drink In Asia Essay

Background Aquarius is a new isotonic sports drink launched in Asia at the year 2012 by The Coca-Cola Company. Aquarius was introduced in Japan in year 1983 as a grapefruit flavored sports drink as a response to compete for market share with other isotonic sports drinks such as Pocari Sweat,H2O and 100plus.Aquarius was also the official sports drink for Olympics game in Barcelona in 1992 and 2012.As it’s a new launch product in Asia, there’s a need to create awareness to enable consumer to know and have a better understanding about this product. Aquarius is not only an isotonic drink that is able to replenish health but also contains various minerals such as Potassium, vitamins B3, B12, B6 and Guarana. Target Audience With the knowledge of psychographic characteristics is used to describe and identify customers and prospective customers and to aid in developing strategies designed to appeal to specific segments of the market for Aquarius. Aquarius is created to target sports and health cautious consumers as there is a raise in health awareness as people are leading in a more health cautious behavior. Exercise had become a more regular routine and Aquarius is the right isotonic drink to replenish and crunch thirst after a good workout. Thoughts and Feelings Consumers are able to trust Aquarius as it is a product from a reputational beverage company The Coca-Cola. The Coca-Cola had been a leading beverage brand in the market; with a good history background it created trust in its products. Aquarius is an official isotonic drink for Olympics 1992 and 2012. With such a massive event and being the official drink had proven its value and gain trust in the market. Well known athletic had consume Aquarius during the game had given it trust on the brand. Objectives and Measures The objective of Aquarius is to become the leading isotonic drink in the market. Measures can be achieved by conducting personal interviews, focus group interviews or conduct public survey to measure how recognized is the brand to consumers. Behavioral Outcome Aquarius would become a brand recall, a brand that will imprint in a person mind. As Aquarius is targeting sporty and health cautious consumers, therefore after a workout or they feel like getting a soft drink to ease the thirst, Aquarius will be the number one brand they will think of and reach out for. Positioning Television advertisement, sports events and sports and health magazines will be heavily advertising Aquarius to promote this product as it is new in Asia. Asia marketing would be on a heavier focus. Aquarius must be easily available, places such as school; stadiums, drinks stores, vending machines and supermarkets will be carrying Aquarius. Pricing plays an important role; it will be sold at an affordable rate. A slogan can be proposed such as Always Energized, this create a catchy term for people to have deeper impression of Aquarius isotonic drink. A striking logo to imprint in person mind, whenever consumer sees similarity will easily associate to Aquarius. Strategy A marathon run that held island wide can be a campaign to promote Aquarius. Proposal like Aquarius run which is held and official drink will Aquarius. Aquarius logo can be printed on the goodies bag and other merchandised included. By holding this event, it can create awareness and publicity, participants also get the chance to taste Aquarius and feel its benefits. Celebrity endorsement is also recommended, by getting a sporty and well known celebrity such as Jackie Chan. Jackie Chan is a well know international artiste and also an athletic, with his martial arts history and stunt act. He would be a good choice to endorse Aquarius. It will gain attraction and create notice of the brand in Asia or globally. Nitty Gritty Details The deadline for client is 13 December 2012 as client had a month to consider and get back. The budget for the production would be estimated at Eight hundred thousand dollars, this include marathon events and celebrity endorsement fee. Bibliography The Coca Cola Company, 2012,[Online],available: http://www.coca-cola.com.sg/beverage_benefits/aquarius.asp view on [13 November 2012] Rtbot,2012,[Online],available: http://www.rtbot.net/Aquarius_(sports_drink) view on [13 November 2012] Conteneo,2012,[Online],available: http://www.infodrinks.com/soft-drinks/sport-drinks/isotonic/aquarius/ view on [13 November 2012]

Alcoholism Feature Article Essay

Introduction (Opening facts): Alcohol is the most dangerous drug in Australia, beating crack and heroin into second and third place in the ranking, according to recent studies. The current research used data from the 2012 National Survey on Drug Use and Health found that almost 60% of 18-24 year old current drinkers, who failed to complete high school, began drinking before the age of 16. The survey also revealed that teens are more likely to try alcohol for the first time during the summer months, along with other harmful drugs or cigarettes. Teens are susceptible to alcohol mostly during this time due to more idle time, fewer responsibilities and less adult supervision. Effects and results: With more than 1 in five teens between the ages of 14 and 19 of age, consuming alcohol on a weekly basis, the risk of cancer, digestive diseases and addicted related medical issues are predicted to rise. Those who drink regularly have been proven to have a lower productivity rate than those of unaffected areas. Underage drinking plays a significant role in risky, sexual and often violent behaviour, which can lead to other health issues or injuries. As a result of this, motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death in people ages 15 to 20. Deadly crashes involving alcohol are twice as common in teens compared with people 21 and older. Further more, mixing drinking with swimming or boating can be fatal. Four out of 10 teens that drown have consumed alcohol. Underage drinking has also been linked with deaths and injuries from burns, falls, alcohol poisoning and suicide. Consequently, the total cost attribute to underage drinking includes costs of traffic cras hes, violent crime and injuries and treatment, equates to over $15.2 billion per year. Signs and prevention: From the results of underage drinking proving deadly and most harmful, people in today’s modern society need to wake up to the signs towards alcoholism, especially towards younger victims. Mood changes, irritability and defensiveness are physical signs, which can be easily recognised. Another example is further school problems such as poor attendance, low grades and rebellion against family rules. Although many of the symptoms may seem typical towards an ordinary teenager, parents and carers should still be aware of these as they may reflect on how their child may be suffering from alcoholism. ‘It is critically important to take every opportunity we can, throughout the year to talk to our young people about the real risk of substance abuse and effective measures for avoiding it, so they will be informed and capable of making the right responsible decision.’ Common Experiences: A recent victim who has suffered from alcohol as a result to his death, is Liam Davies (16). As reported after New Years, Davies drank the tainted alcohol while celebrating New Year’s in Sydney with friends. He was rushed to a local hospital where he was in an unstable critical condition from alcohol poisoning. The Davies family released a statement asking for Australians to be careful when holidaying abroad or drinking in general. â€Å"We would like to make people aware of the risks associated with consuming alcohol, especially without appropriate supervision†.

Dramatic scene Essay Example

Dramatic scene Essay Example Dramatic scene Paper Dramatic scene Paper Note how Marco realises what Eddie is trying to do, so he challenges Eddie to a chair lifting contest, showing Eddie he isnt the strongest man around. Act I ends on a dramatic note with Marco triumphantly lifting the chair above Eddies head like a weapon, giving us a parallel with the end of Act II, when Marco again defeats Eddie in a physical struggle. 16. The Catherine Rodolpho Eddie Triangle A highly dramatic scene In another highly dramatic scene, when a drunk Eddie returns home to find Rodolpho and Catherine emerging from the bedroom, he attempts to humiliate Rodolpho in two ways: First he kisses him full on the mouth, implying to Catherine that Rodolpho is gay. Then he kisses Catherine passionately himself (this first expression of his true feelings for her probably happens because the drink has reduced his inhibitions) to try to show Rodolpho that Catherine is already his (Eddies) and not available. Kissing Catherine marks the point of no return for Eddie. He could no longer disguise his passion for her and he realises, after this scene, that, if he forces Rodolpho out of the flat, Catherine will leave with her fianci so he will need to do something drastic if he is to prevent their marriage. In desperation Eddie goes to Alfieri, the lawyer, to ask if there is anything which can be done legally to prevent the marriage. Eddie says of Rodolpho; the guy aint right. Alfieri informs Eddie that there is nothing the law can do. However, the obsessed, tortured Eddie remembers there is one thing he can do if he is prepared to pay the price. The Conclusion. Realising that there is nothing the law can do to prevent the marriage of Rodolpho and Catherine, Eddie remembers Alfieris words. The lawyer had told him that the only thing he could do to prevent the marriage would be to report to the Immigration Service that he had two illegal immigrants in his house. To do this would amount to a betrayal of his wife, his family and his community and he would be an outcast, shunned by everyone. In schools, pupils who grass on others are despised, so you can imagine what Eddie would have to endure Alfieri had warned Eddie what would happen if he phoned: You wont have a friend in the world, Eddie. Even those who understand will turn against you. Put it out if your mind. But he cant. The rest of the play shows what desperate measures a human being is prepared to take when  he (or she) is in the grip of a great passion or obsession. Eddie has lost control of himself. His brain and common sense have been overwhelmed by his physical and emotional desires even to the point of self- destruction. It is frightening to watch and shows us that a passion, if strong enough, can lead us to betray our community and friends. It is Eddies bad luck that two other illegal immigrants, relations of Lipari, the butcher, have moved into the flat above without his knowing. When he gives the address to the Immigration Service it means he has betrayed these men too and it makes his rejection by his community certain. Marco spitting in Eddies face and naming him as the betrayer are important acts in marking Eddie as a social outcast. The final section of the play opens poignantly with Eddie alone in the rocker, rocking back and forth, emphasising his isolation from his family and community. He reminds me of a wounded lion still trying to prove he is powerful. On the day of Catherine and Rodolphos wedding (emphasising that his act of betrayal had not managed to achieve his aim of destroying their relationship), he is still trying to exert his authority over Beatrice. Eddie: You walk out that door to that wedding you aint coming back here Beatrice. Beatrice: Why? What do you want? Eddie: I want my respect. Didnt you ever hear of that? From my wife. Probably because he knows in his heart that he has lost it, Eddie is preoccupied in these final moments of the play with having respect from his wife and from the community. Catherine tells him openly that he has lost the right to any respect but Beatrice still seems to want to obey and love him. Beatrice says one very important thing, which makes us think hard about the events in the play: Whatever happened we all done it, and dont you ever forget it, Catherine. Beatrice certainly doesnt believe that Eddie is the only one to blame. Do you? There is an important conversation between Marco (awaiting his deportation trial) and Alfieri in prison. You will remember that Eddie was amazed that the law was powerless to stop Rodolpho marrying Catherine; Marco is equally astounded that there is no law to punish Eddie for his betrayal which, as Marco puts it, degraded my brother. My blood. He robbed my children, he mocks my work. Marco realises that, as his family have been insulted, he has a duty, under the code of vendetta, to satisfy the familys honour by gaining revenge on Eddie. So Marco, despite promises to the contrary, seeks out Eddie as soon as he is let out of prison to await his trial. It is easy to miss one significant point. Rodolpho mentions to Eddie that Marco is coming. Hes praying in the church. Part of the ritual of the vendetta was that the person prayed for Gods help and for success in the act of vengeance. It is interesting that murder for revenge was seen not as an act of unjustified violence but divine justice, doing what the law was unable to do. You will note that Marco says, of Eddie, to Alfieri: In my country he would be dead now. He would not live this long. Those who violate the communitys code face the prospect of revenge from the family of the victim. We have learned enough about Eddie to know that he will not try to escape when he knows Marco is coming, although Rodolpho, Beatrice and Catherine urge him to do so. Eddie would have considered this cowardice and he is also determined to make Marco apologise for spitting in his face and making his public accusation of betrayal. Eddie probably knows that he faces a life of loneliness and of being shunned by his community. To him such a life would not be worth living and he would rather risk death in a confrontation with Marco in the hope of perhaps regaining his good name by making Marco apologise. It is a faint hope, but Eddie has to cling to it. In the event, Marco merely repeats his accusations and, in the ensuing fight, kills Eddie. It is a powerful, dramatic ending to the play. The audience is left with many thoughts. Alfieri proclaims Eddies epitaph: He would not settle for half, whereas most of the time, in these civilised days, most of us do. Throughout the play, Eddie has refused to compromise, whereas most of us do, most of the time. He is driven to his death by this aspect of his personality,because of his own, however has refused to accept the fact that he is powerless to prevent his niece from loving someone else and cannot accept that the law is sometimes unable to provide what he, Eddie, considers to be justice. Speaking of Eddies death, Arthur Miller wrote in the preface to the play: We are in the presence of a character who is ready to lay down his life, if need be, to secure one thing his sense of personal dignity and to gain his rightful position in society. He refuses to remain passive in the face of what he conceives to be a challenge to his dignity. Only the passive, only those who accept their lot without active retaliation, are flawless. Most of us are in that category. Eddie, then, is an exceptional man, more prepared to press things to the limit than most of us are. All works of literature have a number of themes. These are ideas which the author has which she or he wants to share with the audience or with readers, for us to think about. So what are the main themes of A View from the Bridge? Betrayal Arthur Miller was particularly interested in what makes a person (in this case, Eddie) betray the trust even of people he loves and of the community in which she or he lives. In most cases it is passion (often sexual desire)which leads a person into betrayal. Eddie betrays Marco, Rodolpho, Liparis relations and their families when he telephones the Immigration Service. He betrays Beatrices love for him by his passion for her niece. He also betrays Catherines love for him as a father-figure and he betrays his own principles, all because he is in the grip of his strong sexual passion. Illusions Many of Millers characters suffer from illusions about what the world is like. This eventually leads to some lack of reality about the nature of the world. Eddies great illusion is that he can keep Catherine as a baby all her life and prevent her having contact with the more unpleasant aspects of life. He also seems to have illusions about what a dangerous world it is and how untrustworthy people are. You may remember the rather cynical advice he gave Catherine: Dont trust nobody. Believe me, Katie, the less you trust, the less you be sorry. The great irony is that Eddie is the one who is less worthy of trust than anyone in the play. Reputation and Community Many of us are content if we believe we have acted properly. If our own conscience is satisfied, we do not worry unnecessarily what others think of us. For many of Arthur Millers heroes, including Eddie, this is not enough. They need to have the communitys approval and respect. You will remember Eddies comment when he is being urged to run from Marco. Eddie says: I want my name. In order to live happily, Eddie needs his good name restored. Many of Millers heroes, including Eddie, would rather die than lose their good name with the rest of the community. Law and Justice A View from the Bridge makes us think about the issues of law and justice. The character, Alfieri, despite knowing in his heart about the probable tragic ending, is unable to do anything because the law is not adequate to deal with the strongest of human emotions. Neither is the law the same as justice. Marco believes that justice would be for Eddie to die because he has, in effect, caused Marcos family to starve. Yet the American law approves of Eddies action in reporting illegal immigrants. Miller, therefore, makes us question whether the law of a country is concerned with justice. The law of the government may be different from the law of the community in keeping the law of the country. Try to think of it in terms of schools. There are the rules (laws) made by the teachers; dont misbehave in class etc. , and the rules of the pupils; dont grass on your friends. Keeping the laws of the teachers may cause you to break the laws of the pupils, and vice versa. The Importance of Fate There seems to be little to be done to avoid the tragedy of Eddies death. It all seems predestined because of the situation Eddie is in and the powerful emotions he has. Miller makes us think about the extent to which human beings are able to control events. Certainly the intelligent Alfieri is incapable of preventing the tragedy. The Style of the Play. There are a few important points: The importance of conflict Note how many conversations in the play have two or more characters in conflict over an issue. This gives the play more energy. Dramatic moments Note how the conversations are broken up by scenes of dramatic action: e. g. the lifting of the chair the kissing scene the boxing scene the fight at the end of the play This means the audiences emotions fluctuate; quiet moments of conversation are broken up by sections of action which raise the emotions of the audience. Links with Greek tragedies.